Pain As Art By Kahlo Essay Example For Students

Guide to Writing a Dialogue in an Essay

Manual for Writing a Dialog in an Essay Making an exchange is one of the most mind boggling portions of article composing. Numerous understudies right away understand that creating a decent discourse inside the setting of a story takes a great deal of time and requires more work that basically depicting the occasions. Also, that is to be expected as an exchange ought not just present the immediate citations from various characters yet breath life into the story. On the off chance that you are uncertain about how to utilize discourse in your article, read on. Lets make sense of the primary guidelines and norms together! Pushing the Story Ahead The principle job of a discourse is to enable the story to push ahead by introducing discussions and contemplations. You can go through an exchange to speed the pace of your article in the event that you feel that the portrayal backs it off or you can utilize it as a break between the long and overpowering passages. When composing discussions, you have to recall a couple of significant things: Exchanges move the activity, put things in place, clarify the portrayals and foresee the responses and exercises. They can do every one of these things on the double, so dont utilize the discussions to simply pass on the data. Help yourself to remember the characters voice to compose a discourse that seems like a genuine discourse. You may even utilize some linguistic slip-ups to show the reasonable discussion however ensure that you keep the harmony between the real talk and lucidness. Continuously utilize the discourse as a portrayal apparatus. From your words, a peruser ought to comprehend a great deal about the character: profound quality, foundation, appearance, and so on. To propel the story, your discoursed should sound regular, not constrained, and clear. Simultaneously, the discussions need to pass on the characters feelings and show the peruser how they connect with one another. Utilizing Thoughts in Dialog Utilizing considerations and recollections in the discussion can likewise show the significant subtleties of your story. This circuitous exchange is another approach to change thoughts without the citations. You may likewise utilize a mix of immediate and aberrant exchange for accentuation. It would appear that this: Billy and I proceeded onward to the following painting.â€Å"That’s the ugliest thing I’ve ever seen.† He twisted his lip in sicken. All things considered, I thought he was the ugliest thing I’d ever observed, and let him know so.â€Å"And additionally, you smell. In any case, the greater part of all, your preference for workmanship stinks.† To uncover feelings and musings, you have to utilize the tangible subtleties: tasting, smelling, hearing, seeing. Attempt to show what is happening, dont tell. Consequently, your article will be progressively sensible and drawing in for your peruser. Arranging Your Dialog The correct configuration and style are critical to the fruitful discourse. Right accentuation, labels and passages are considerably more noteworthy than the citations themselves. Without adhering to the principle rules, it would be miserably confounding to comprehend who is talking. In this way, ensure you design your exchange in like manner. Rule 1: Punctuation goes inside citations. â€Å"Ill call you tomorrow!† Anna shouted. Make a point to utilize two quotes for discourse and one imprint for discourse inside the discourse. Indeed, even such a little thing as utilizing the quotes can inadequately consider your article. Rule 2: another speaker †another line. On the off chance that you have a few characters in your exposition, its imperative to realize who is talking. With the line break, your peruser wont be confounded. â€Å"I wish I could fly,† John said longingly.â€Å"Why don’t you develop wings, then?† Sarah snapped back. In the event that there is the activity associated with a character, depict it in a similar section, at that point start another line. Rule 3: Break up exchange in two sections. Its irritating to hold up until the finish of a discourse to put an exchange tag since it is hazy for quite a while who is talking. That is the reason is it better to compose the main idea, place a comma and tag, and afterward proceed with the exchange. â€Å"I can’t trust I fizzled the exam,† said Ben. â€Å"I considered and examined, however some way or another I gagged and left the majority of it blank.† As you see, all exchanges follow a straightforward rule. Remember the fundamental guidelines and begin composing a discourse to pass on your message!

Increase Your Mental Health Literacy Knowledge

Increase Your Mental Health Literacy Knowledge GAD Coping Print Increase Your Mental Health Literacy Knowledge By Deborah R. Glasofer, PhD twitter linkedin Deborah Glasofer, PhD is a professor of clinical psychology and practitioner of cognitive behavioral therapy. Learn about our editorial policy Deborah R. Glasofer, PhD Updated on January 28, 2020 E+ / stuartbur / Getty Images More in GAD Coping Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment The term health literacy refers to knowledge and beliefs about health issues; higher health literacy translates into an improved ability to prevent, recognize, and manage health problems. Mental health literacy is a related concept, referring to knowledge, beliefs, and perceptions about mental disorders. Mental health literacy is an especially important topic when it comes to problems like mood and anxiety disorders. These two classes of disorders are amongst the most prevalent types of mental illness, and the most costly. Generalized Anxiety Disorder In the case of anxiety disorders like generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), people often delay seeking treatment. One study reported that while approximately 86% of individuals with GAD seek treatment at some point in their lifetime; only about one-third do so in the first year of onset. These delays can be linked for some to poorer outcomes, and in the case of young folks with anxiety, a worsening of symptoms from sub-clinical to clinical status. Delays in seeking treatment might be attributed to (1) stigma about mental illness, (2) poor access to resources for treatment, or (3) normalization of symptoms.  Fortunately, the stigma surrounding mental illness and their treatment is gradually improving (especially among young adults). In addition, changes to the US healthcare system are (slowly) improving access and coverage for care. However, normalization of symptoms â€" perceiving associated features of anxiety to be less problematic than they actually are â€" remains a complex problem to solve.  Because anxiety is a normal emotion and a biologically adaptive physical state to experience, it is very challenging to parse out garden variety, often-helpful anxiety from its more distressing and impairing clinical counterpart. Narrowing the Gap in Mental Health Literacy But a study published in the Journal of Public Mental Health on mental health literacy for anxiety disorders provides good evidence that narrowing the gap in mental health literacy for GAD is necessary. In this study, fictional vignettes depicting individuals with mild/subclinical, moderate, and severe cases of GAD, social anxiety disorder, and major depressive disorder were provided to 270 adults and two expert raters (who had extensive training in structured clinical interviews for anxiety disorders). The main findings of this study were: Non-experts perceived mild/subclinical and moderate cases of social anxiety disorder to be less severe than the expert raters.For GAD, significant underrating of severity by non-expert participants as compared to experts occurred at all levels â€" mild/subclinical, moderate, and severe.All severities of major depressive disorder were overrated by participants as compared to expert raters.  According to the study authors, this may mean that efforts to raise awareness about depression in the general public have been effective. The normalization of symptoms can manifest as a denial of their seriousness or lack of knowledge about markers of severity. In either case, improving knowledge about anxiety disorders and symptom severity could help.   To learn more about anxiety symptoms and severity: Read about some ways to distinguish between “normal” and excessive anxiety.Learn about the criteria for a specific anxiety problem, like GAD or social anxiety disorder.Screen yourself, or a family member, using online tools like those provided by the Anxiety and Depression Association of America (take the specific quiz for GAD) or other reputable sources. These tools will serve you best if used in consultation with a discussion with your physician or mental health professional. Print out your results and bring them to discuss at your next appointment.Familiarize yourself with questions asked on popular self-report measures of anxiety, such as the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener -7 (GAD-7). These questions â€" and their answers â€" can provide a broad overview of concerning symptoms. To learn more about how they are scored and how to interpret the results, it is advisable to seek out a consultation with a health care provider.

Book Review The Things They Carried - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 694 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/04/07 Category Literature Essay Type Book review Level High school Topics: The Things They Carried Essay Did you like this example? In his book, Tim OBrien aims to shed light on misconceptions and truths of war by thoroughly describing the thoughts and feelings of a soldier in the Vietnam War. He includes the steps and paths taken to become a soldier and also the detailed descriptions of war stories and their effects on individual men. Through examples of death and hardship, OBrien ties the reader emotionally to the main character. The way he strategically organizes his book to walk the reader through the events of war really immerses the reader while providing insight to tragedy. In the beginning of the book, OBrien uses great detail to describe the materialistic things that the different soldiers carried. But the things they carried were not always tangible items but emotional burdens as well. Many of the soldiers were very young teenagers, newly wedded husbands, or even students. These men were not capable of fulfilling the cruel demands of war such as killing other human beings and being away from loved ones for excruciatingly long times. The book clearly illustrates the conflict of love and war. The main character, Lieutenant Cross, carries emotional burdens himself. A very prominent one is the love he possesses for Martha. The woman who he keeps a picture of in his wallet. The woman whom he still loves and wishes loved him back. He constantly deals with internal turmoil regarding the fragmented relationship he carries with Martha. He often finds himself fantasizing over what they could have been. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Book Review The Things They Carried" essay for you Create order Another example of how war affects men is how Lieutenant Cross reacts to the death of Ted Lavender and Kiowa. Cross reacts with much guilt and grief because he was responsible for the lives of the company: When a man died, there had to be blame. Jimmy Cross understood this. You could blame the war A moment of carelessness or bad judgment or plain stupidity carried consequences that lasted forever. (In the Field.115) This quote is Jim Cross blaming himself for Kiowas death. He goes over all the things he could blame but he believes it was his fault. Again, this further proves the internal issues and baggage Jim carries. In another response to the death(s), he rips up the photograph of Martha and basically blames her for his inattentiveness. Due to his preoccupation with her. These two examples, out of many, prove how war affects a person and their emotions. Sometimes their actions too. On any other day, Lieutenant Cross would have ever considered to rip up the picture of Martha due to his emotional ties to her. But he chose to do this due to his deep rooted anger and self hate initially regarding the situation. Many of Crosss decisions were based off of emotion because he was stripped of mental health as a result of war. This book is stylistically unique among all other attributes. While I was reading the book, the main thing that stood out to me, regarding organization, was the way that OBrien achieved to capture my attention and help me relate to the book. By choosing an omniscient narration, I was able to go through the emotions with the main character. By using this narration style, OBrien is able to appeal to all ages and people of different walks of life. Even though the reader may not have any military background. If you refer back to the chapter titles, the titles are a story in themselves. Each title refers to the main theme of the chapter. Sometimes the titles contradict one another. For example: Enemies Friends. But the titles from the example can be seen as OBrien giving the reader both sides to a coin. He then includes the chapter How to tell a good war story, when ironically, this book is a war story. Details like organization can often be viewed as small or insignificant. But if you pay attention to the small details, they can help you understand the book a little more and also see the intentions of the author. The chapters of the book tell a story, about a story. And a detail like that is what makes this book more interesting.

The Impact Of United States On America - 927 Words

Introduction For a long period, Americans have been trying to explore the benefits that have been since the individual States of America joined to form what currently known as United States of America. Although various ideas have been presented to support both sides of the story, I believe that the positive impacts that United States had on America outweigh the adverse effects. Political, cultural, social and technological advances that have witnessed in America over the centuries have contributed to the United States growth. This paper seeks to discuss the impacts that the United States had on the Americans from approximately 1880s to present. Effects of United States on the economy and cultural values of America? By considering the history of America, one can recognize that the formation of the United States in the 18th century marked the beginning of the economic prowess. That United State has been enjoying. In the 1880s, the economy of the United States grew extensively as the new states transformed from being rural agricultural lands to urban industrial giants. Most of the states established urban industries, and this made America the chief manufacturing country in the world. Railway lines set in several countries and this boomed the economy of America at large. United States has positively impacted the culture of some American people, but Negative effect Texas, Cuba, Mexico, and Guatemala was impacted because they were in the way of growth for the UnitedShow MoreRelatedThe United States And Its Impact On America Essay1488 Words   |  6 Pages19th century, there was a common belief that God had destined The United S tates to expand entirely across the North American continent, and eventually across the entire Western Hemisphere. They believed that what they were doing was justifiable, because they believed that God was telling them to do this. It had a huge impact on who America is today as a country and if the expansion had not occurred, it is easy to believe that America would not be the thriving and successful country that it is now.Read MoreThe Impact Of Internet On The United States Of America1024 Words   |  5 Pages In the 1960s the government of the United States of America (USA) requested computer scientists to conduct research into building communication via computer networks, (Wikipedia, 2016).This research gave rise to the origins of the internet which is now regarded as a global computer network that provides a variety of information and communication facilities. This global network consists of millions of different types of computers that maybe desktop or mobile, hardwired or wireless and for personalRead MoreThe Impact Of Immigration On The United States Of America Essay1707 Words   |  7 Pageseighteen boarded a ship leaving their homeland of Chiette Abruzzi, Italy. 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It was longing for a candid overnight service driven company, which would be designed to conveyor packages and essential documents. While givingRead MoreImpact Of The American Revolution On The United States Of America1262 Words   |  6 PagesThe United States revolution is one of the most important revolutions to occur in history because it can be seen as the most significant revolution to transpire in modern time. This can be shown through the role that the revolution had in creating the country that we know today. Why was it that the American Revolution occurs, was it for independence or was it based on something else? In the American Revolution there were many leaders who aided in creating the United States, who were they and whatRead MoreTerrorist Attacks And Its Impact On The United States Of America Essay1295 Words   |  6 Pagesthe United States of America. This is more commonly known as 9/11, hence the 11th of September. The story of this incident is that these deadly attacks were performed by Al Qaeda extremists. This event has been recorded in the pages of history as a clear act of terrorism war an d has impacted many people’s daily lives, even here in New Zealand. But was it really these extremists who attacked the United States of America, or was it an inside job conducted by the governmental officials of America itself;Read MoreThe Impact Of 9 / 11 On The United States Of America2100 Words   |  9 PagesMegan Elizabeth White Mr. Skemp US History II Feb 23, 2015 The Impact of 9/11 on the United States of America The Events of 9/11 majorly impacted millions of peoples’ lives and the entire nation of the United States of America. There were many precursors to this event including the powerful influence of Osama Bin Laden and al-Qaeda leading to the physical attacks on American centers of high office and iconic places in America. These chain of events that have changed US history and have had wideRead MoreGuns Have Impact On The United States Of America Essay2019 Words   |  9 Pagesmajor role in shaping and constructing the United States of America to the way it is today. In the early times of United States history, the founding fathers set in stone that every man has the right to bear arms. In recent years there have been numerous politicians that have been fighting to take that right away from us. The Second Amendment to the Unites States Constitution states, â€Å"A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bearRe ad MoreIsis s Impact On The United States Of America2291 Words   |  10 PagesBen Rodkey Glaser English 10 3-4-15 ISIS ISIS has been a rapidly increasing threat to not just the United States of America, but the entire world. ISIS has done countless brutal, sick, heart wrenching things that have caused a national and international uproar in the citizens of numerous countries. ISIS considers them the Islamic State, and they seem to have many motives. They basically want a large portion of the Middle east under ISIS control and for the rest of the world to accept their disgustingRead MoreThe Great Impact On Native American Nation And The United States Of America1767 Words   |  8 Pagesuncivilized we as a people can become. However, the greatest and most crucial feud of all was between the entire Native American Nation and the United States of America. This war of hate and disrespect towards tribes of people and their culture is uncalled for and has left a stain that will last forever in time. We choose not to realize the great impact it had on the Native American Nation, and most of what really happ ened is not mentioned in the text books that we have today. Instead we focus more

Gustav Flaubert and Ivan Turgenev Free Essays

The Romantics is a culturally inclined book written by Pankaj Mishra. The publication deals with life’s differences and how people came to know more about their own respective cultures. It brings out every reader into a journey of culture. We will write a custom essay sample on Gustav Flaubert and Ivan Turgenev or any similar topic only for you Order Now life and the true meaning of existence. The main character Samar, made his move while he is in a juxtaposition of cultures. One may find himself in the shoes of Samar who wanted to engage in more discoveries. Samar, is a fresh graduate who arrived in Benares, also known as the holy city in 1989. He wanted to continue with his solitary life with his book as he chose to stay in a room there. Samar loves to deal with his friends namely Edmund Wilson, Gustav Flaubert and Ivan Turgenev. But on the place where he stays, he lives adjacent to a woman from the west, Catherine. She is a French young woman who had a great impact on Samar’s life. She made a vast change on his outlook in life and dealing with what the good world awaits for him. He was able to recover from the past that he wanted to escape but then the conflicting part is that he falls for the wrong woman. Catherine is already committed which made the story interesting. It was really a big frustration for him to know the truth since he fall in love for the first time since he never believe in the set up of love before. In Benares he discovered many things that changed his life. Starting from the ancestors Brahmin down to practices and political issues. He was able to contemplate on the commonality of people who are there. They all wanted to escape their past. Going back to Samar and Catherine, the two had a chance to become lovers but then Catherine decided to cut their relationship off. Good thing Samar was able to recover and took a teaching job for young Tibetan children. When he was reunited with an old friend from Benares after seven years, he told himself that he is apart from those people who lives there. He is now far from the old tradition and on his way to recuperating for a better future. The Romantics tells about the clashing of culture in contemporary India. The author attempted to explore how people during the time differ from their backgrounds, culture and how it is romanticized to unveil the mysteries of India. How to cite Gustav Flaubert and Ivan Turgenev, Papers

School Leadership That Works From Research To Results

Chapter Five Summary The discussion in chapter four brings out the importance of each of the 21 responsibilities individually but says very little to show how they relate to each other. For the relationships to be identified, a factor analysis was conducted based on responses to a questionnaire used to assess the behavior of principals’ in relation to the 21 responsibilities.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on School Leadership That Works: From Research To Results specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is the subject matter of this chapter. An important discovery that resulted from the analysis was that two traits; first-order and second-order changes, appeared to underlie the responsibilities (Marzano, Waters, McNulty 2005). First- and Second-Order Change First-order change is incremental in nature and is usually the first option sought after by school leadership when faced with a problem. Its success r elies mainly on past occurrences and the application of fresh ideas is often not an option. To a large extent, it can only prepare an individual for common situations. It is, however, quite challenging to try using this approach on new challenges for which solutions are not readily available. Second-order change on the other hand is radical and for any benefits to be realized, steadfast leadership is a must. It entails conceptualizing a problem differently or adopting a completely new strategy. The Difficulty of the Second-Order Change The adoption of second-order change has failed in a number of occasions and in discouraged innovation in many areas. There is a high tendency for humans to look at nearly all problems as if they were of first-order nature and this is one of the reasons why it has been difficult to advance the use of second-order change. Also, second-order change is to a certain extent unpopular with many as it strongly disregards the status quo which most people are d etermined to maintain. The use of second-order change has also been a dreadful venture for many who may not be ready to accommodate criticisms. One has to be quite resilient to succeed using this form of leadership. Leadership for First-Order Change: Managing the Daily Life of a School The outcome of the factor analysis clearly shows how the 21 responsibilities interact and how they can be applied to achieve change. Involvement in the day-to-day changes in a school will require that all the 21 principal responsibilities to be seen as important although to a varying degree. Despite the fact that the responsibilities are ranked in order of importance, none of them should receive little importance.Advertising Looking for coursework on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The routine business of schooling demands corrections and alterations which, by definition are first order in nature and as such, first-order change is vie wed as a by-product of the day-to-day functions of the school. Relating the 21 responsibilities to the first-order change shows that these responsibilities define the standard operating procedures in a school. They are regarded as the management tools of effective school leaders. Leadership for Second-Order Change Unlike first-order, second-order change is linked to 7 of the 21 responsibilities and it presents a dramatic departure from what is anticipated both in stating a problem and providing a solution. The change manifests itself only in the context of a specific issue or problem being solved. Central to second-order change is innovation and just as in the case of first-order change, a leader should not be misguided by the ranking to underrate any of the responsibilities. From the factor analysis, it can also be noted that three of the responsibilities identified as very important to the second-order change are ranked low in terms of relative importance to the first-order change . Some of the 21 Responsibilities mentioned are adversely affected by second-order change. A school leader might have to endure the perception that culture, communication, order and routine, and the level of input have all deteriorated as a result of innovation with culture having the strongest negative relationship to the second-order change. Conclusion The differences noticeable between first- and second-order changes and the regular tendency to look at all changes as first-order provide a good foundation to start digging into the failure of previous innovations. There is a very high possibility that these innovations were second-order changes that were managed as though they were first-order changes and hence the failure. Reference Marzano, R.J., Waters, T., McNulty, B.T. (2005). School Leadership That Works: From Research To Results. Alexandria Va. Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development This coursework on School Leadership That Works: From Research To Results was written and submitted by user Kason Holland to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Evolutional explanations Essays

Evolutional explanations Essays Evolutional explanations Essay Evolutional explanations Essay The evolutionary explanation, or instinct theory, states that aggression is an adaptive response. This response enables us to obtain resources, defend against attack, eliminate competition for mates and force sexual fidelity from mates. In 1966 Lorenz stated that there were four main drivers behind animal aggression; fear, reproduction, hunger and anger. He also stated that aggression could occur only within a species not across two different species. Lorenz discussed that aggression between two animals is often ritualised. Ritualised aggression itself is aggressive, but little harm actually comes to either animal.This theory is backed up by Morris in 1990, he found that animal disputes show a lot of restraint, this restraint is called an appeasement tactic e.g. dogs show their belly when they feel threatened to stop the opponent from taking the fight any further. The evolutionary approach to aggression states that there are four aims of aggression; to win or control territory, increasing solidarity between males and females, becoming and maintain a dominant role and natural selection through survival of the fittest. There are three main problems with the instinct theory. Firstly, it fails to take into account variations in aggression across individuals and cultures. Secondly, Lorenz compares man to animals and we are not like animals as we have culture to an extent animals do not. The final evaluation point of the instinct theory is that it can be argued that aggression can be learnt socially through social learning theory, not through genes.Infidelity and jealousy is another evolutionary explanation of aggression. Infidelity is having a sexual relationship with someone other than your partner. Jealousy is a state of fear caused by either a real or imagined threat to a person’s status an exclusive sexual partner. Cuckoldry is often the cause of sexual jealousy. Cuckoldry occurs when a woman deceives her male partner into investing into offspring conceived with another man.A main researcher in this area is Young. In 1978 Young asked students to describe how they would react to a jealousy inducing scenario. Men in general said they would become drunk, respond angrily and threaten their rival male. Women on the other hand pretend not to care, cry and try to increase their own attractiveness to get male attention. One major problem with Young’s study is that the participants may have answered differently on the questionnaire to how they would react normally due to social desirability.Another explanation of aggression as an adaptive response is murder. Buss and Duntley (2006) said that humans have evolved adaptations through natural selection to produce what we now call murder. They discussed how if murder is used is determined by four factors; the degree of relatedness between killer and victim, the relative status of killer and victim, the sex of killer and victim and the size and strength of the killer’s and victim’s alliances.In order to evolve as a strategy it must have been associated with greater reproductive success than conflicting strategies. Wilson and Daly in 1985 said that sexual jealousy, lack of resources and threats to male status are all reasons for murder to occur. Wilson and Daly support both their prior study and the study by Buss and Duntley by over viewing the Detroit murders of 1972. They found that the motive behind most of the killings, both killers and victims were unemployed, unmarried and young, low status without a mate. The problem with Buss, Duntley, Wilson and Daly’s research is that is says the act of murder is determined by our evolutionary past and freewill does not come into play, murder could not be committed due to a grudge or hatred is the act is determined.The final explanation of aggression as an adaptive response is group display. There are three levels of group aggression: a crowd, a mob and a riot. A crowd is a lot of people who have gathered into one group very closely, mobs are disorderly crowds and a riot is crowd or gathering which is protesting in a violent manor. Examples of group display fall into three categories; lynch mobs, sport aggression and religious displays. One theory which underpins the idea that group displays are an adaptive response to aggression is the power threat hypothesis. Blalock, in 1967 said that as a minority group grows, the majority group intensifies their efforts to remain dominant.Group displays of solidarity are discrimination against outsiders are more likely when the group feels at risk. Another way groups show aggression is by dehumanising the victim and reducing them into something non human. This makes it easier to carry out aggressive acts e.g. lynching. These aggressive deeds are sometimes made easier for an individual if they de-individuated. When someone is part of a crowd the loose their sense of individuality and therefore will do things they would not normally do. Convergence theory is another theory into group aggression; the group is made up of individuals who all have similar thought processes. Each individual is not influenced by the rest of the group, but all the members behave the same, due to their similar thoughts. Similarly, Contagion theory can also explain group aggression; people are influenced by the way a group acts.The individuals do not need to think similarly, they conform to the behaviour of one bad egg.’ Smelser (1963) argued that social life and its processes affect how individuals behave. This is weakness of the evolutionary theory; aggression is not only affected by our genes it is also affected by our social learning and environment. Smelser also argued that six things are necessary for a social movement to emerge. Structural conduct and if people realise their society has a problem, if society fails to meet expectation and deprives the people, growth and spread of an explanation, if one event triggers a reaction from a crowd, mobilisation for action where people distribute information about a cause and finally a lack of social control leads to a protesting crowd.In conclusion, the instinct theory can explain aggression; the only problem is it doesn’t take into account factors such as culture and it completely ignore the fact that we could learn to be aggressive through social learning. So overall a mixture of different explanations is needed to explain aggression.

Introduction to Bipedal Locomotion

Introduction to Bipedal Locomotion Bipedal locomotion refers to walking on two legs in an upright position, and the only animal to do that all the time is the modern human. Our ancestor primates lived in trees and rarely set foot on the ground; our ancestor hominins moved out of those trees and lived primarily in the savannas. Walking upright all the time is thought to have been an evolutionary step forward if you will, and one of the hallmarks of being human. Scholars have often argued that walking erect is an enormous advantage. Walking erect improves communication, allows visual access to farther distances, and changes throwing behaviors. By walking upright, a hominins hands are freed to do all sorts of things, from holding babies to making stone tools to throwing weapons. American neuroscientist Robert Provine has argued that sustained voiced laughter, a trait which greatly facilitates social interactions, is only possible in bipeds because the respiration system is freed to do that in an upright position. Evidence for Bipedal Locomotion There are four main ways scholars have used to figure out whether a particular ancient hominin is primarily living in the trees or walking upright: ancient skeletal foot construction, other bone configurations above the foot, footprints of those hominins, and dietary evidence from stable isotopes. The best of these, of course, is foot construction: unfortunately, ancient ancestral bones are difficult to find under any circumstances, and foot bones are very rare indeed. Foot structures associated with bipedal locomotion include a plantar rigidity- flat foot- which means the sole stays flat from step to step. Secondly, hominins that walk on the earth generally have shorter toes than hominins who live in trees. Much of this was learned from the discovery of a nearly complete Ardipithecus ramidus, an ancestor of ours who apparently walked upright sometimes, some 4.4 million years ago. Skeletal constructions above the feet are slightly more common, and scholars have looked at the configurations of the spine, the tilt, and structure of the pelvis, and the way the femur fits into the pelvis to make assumptions about a hominins ability to walk upright. Footprints and Diet Footprints are also rare, but when they are found in a sequence, they hold evidence that reflects the gait, length of stride, and weight transfer during walking. Footprint sites include Laetoli in Tanzania (3.5-3.8 million years ago, probably Australopithecus afarensis; Ileret (1.5 million years ago) and GaJi10 in Kenya, both likely Homo erectus; the Devils Footprints in Italy, H. heidelbergensis about 345,000 years ago; and Langebaan Lagoon in South Africa, early modern humans, 117,000 years ago. Finally, a case has been made that diet infers environment: if a particular hominin ate a lot of grasses rather than fruit from trees, it is likely the hominin lived primarily in grassed savannas. That can be determined through stable isotope analysis. Earliest Bipedalism So far, the earliest known bipedal locomotor was Ardipithecus ramidus, who sometimes- but not always- walked on two legs 4.4 million years ago. Fulltime bipedalism is currently thought to have been achieved by Australopithecus, the type fossil of which is the famous Lucy, approximately 3.5 million years ago. Biologists have argued that foot and ankle bones changed when our primate ancestors came down from the trees, and that after that evolutionary step, we lost the facility to regularly climb trees without the aid of tools or support systems. However, a 2012 study by human evolutionary biologist Vivek Venkataraman and colleagues points out that there are some modern humans who do regularly and quite successfully climb tall trees, in pursuit of honey, fruit, and game. Climbing Trees and Bipedal Locomotion Venkataraman and his colleagues investigated behaviors and anatomical leg structures of two modern-day groups in Uganda: the Twa hunter-gatherers and Bakiga agriculturalists, who have coexisted in Uganda for several centuries. The scholars filmed the Twa climbing trees and used movie stills to capture and measure how much their feet flexed while tree-climbing. They found that although the bony structure of the feet is identical in both groups, there is a difference in the flexibility and length of soft tissue fibers in the feet of people who could climb trees with ease compared with those who cannot. The flexibility that allows people to climb trees only involves soft tissue, not the bones themselves. Venkataraman and colleagues caution that the foot and ankle construction of Australopithecus, for example, does not rule out tree-climbing, even though it does allow upright bipedal locomotion.   Sources Been, Ella, et al. Morphology and Function of the Lumbar Spine of the Kebara 2 Neandertal. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 142.4 (2010): 549-57. Print. Crompton, Robin H., et al. Human-Like External Function of the Foot, and Fully Upright Gait, Confirmed in the 3.66 Million Year Old Laetoli Hominin Footprints by Topographic Statistics, Experimental Footprint-Formation and Computer Simulation. Journal of The Royal Society Interface 9.69 (2012): 707-19. Print. DeSilva, Jeremy M., and Zachary J. Throckmorton. Lucys Flat Feet: The Relationship between the Ankle and Rearfoot Arching in Early Hominins. PLoS ONE 5.12 (2011): e14432. Print. Haeusler, Martin, Regula Schiess, and Thomas Boeni. New Vertebral and Rib Material Point to Modern Bauplan of the Nariokotome Homo Erectus Skeleton. Journal of Human Evolution 61.5 (2011): 575-82. Print. Harcourt-Smith, William E. H. Origin of Bipedal Locomotion. Handbook of Paleoanthropology. Eds. Henke, Winfried, and Ian Tattersall. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. 1919-59. Print. Huseynov, Alik, et al. Developmental Evidence for Obstetric Adaptation of the Human Female Pelvis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113.19 (2016): 5227-32. Print. Lipfert, Susanne W., et al. A Model-Experiment Comparison of System Dynamics for Human Walking and Running. Journal of Theoretical Biology 292.Supplement C (2012): 11-17. Print. Mitteroecker, Philipp, and Barbara Fischer. Adult Pelvic Shape Change Is an Evolutionary Side Effect. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113.26 (2016): E3596-E96. Print. Provine, Robert R. Laughter as an Approach to Vocal Evolution: The Bipedal Theory. Psychonomic Bulletin Review 24.1 (2017): 238-44. Print. Raichlen, David A., et al. Laetoli Footprints Preserve Earliest Direct Evidence of Human-Like Bipedal Biomechanics. PLoS ONE 5.3 (2010): e9769. Print. Venkataraman, Vivek V., Thomas S. Kraft, and Nathaniel J. Dominy. Tree Climbing and Human Evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2012). Print. Ward, Carol V., William H. Kimbel, and Donald C. Johanson. Complete Fourth Metatarsal Andarches in the Foot of Australopithecus Afarensis. Science 331 (2011): 750-53. Print. Winder, Isabelle C., et al. Complex Topography and Human Evolution: The Missing Link. Antiquity 87 (2013): 333-49. Print.

APA Annotation for 4 articles Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

APA Annotation for 4 articles - Research Paper Example The paper succeeds in demonstrating that the perception of Muslim women that is portrayed in the book undermines the need to address the patriarchal societies that make it difficult for the girl child to be empowered. Instead, it shows that the background of the author and financial motivations mostly drives the message. The paper is useful when evaluating the situation of Arabic Muslim girls in the United States of America. Although the paper serves as a strong critique of the book, it has failed to appreciate the truths in the novel. The Breadwinner has succeeded in contributing to the conversation about the role of religion in undermining the faith for equality in the society. The Arabic students in the country would identify with the argument made in the paper. In particular, they will identify with the fact that the institutional structure and culture where they learn often undermines the role of women. Moreover, they will agree that the ‘girl in need of salvation’ narrative that is present in the book undermines their quest for recognition in the society. , Erick and Zaidi focus on how the media covered the murder of a young Muslim girl in Mississauga, Ontario. The incident occurred in December 7. In particular, they have focused on how the media shifted the conversation from concerns over a tragic family event to a larger topic, the clash of civilizations. The authors also focused on tolerance and the negative effect that the term has on the society. The paper has highlighted the cultural implications involved in the debate over the hijab. Since Canada and America share many cultural similarities, the paper will be informative in shaping conversations on the topic in America. The paper highlights the ethical implications in the society. The authors have succeeded in highlighting the impact of an event in

Migration Experience from the west Indies ti the US Essay

Migration Experience from the west Indies ti the US - Essay Example once they reach here are faced with challenges which they have to conquer if they are to have an easy life and eventually succeed in their new environment. This research examines the challenges immigrants go through with the discussion focusing on a family from Haiti. The paper will expound on how immigrants go about in settling in their new homes, general receptiveness of neighbors, race discrimination, jobs, deciding whether to assimilate or acculturate and young ones schools life. Marie Lafont, who is my aunt, migrated to the United States of America from Haiti in 1976, she settled in Brooklyn New York with her husband and three children. The area was predominantly black with a large Haitian community therefore the general reception they got was a warm one. Portes and Rumbaut state that once here, some immigrants enjoy better conditions than back home (18). This is demonstrable in my aunt’s case where the house they were to live in was bigger than what they had been accustomed to back in Haiti. In their new home they had a front yard and the rooms were much larger than what they were used to. Transitioning into their new way of life was not easy with things like speaking English with a French accent being an issue but with the help of the community around them, transitioning was made simpler. Upon their settling down in Brooklyn, my aunt discovered that the race factor was a major problem in the US, an issue that had not crossed her mind back in Haiti and was a major defining factor in her new home. She found out that due to her skin color, certain barriers were erected for example being discriminated against when applying for her nursing job. This new dimension added on to the everyday difficulties she was starting to face. All of a sudden the complexion of her skin became a problem and to make matters worse, this was an issue she had no control over. Through her interaction with her neighbors, she found out that Haitians who had preceded her had faced and

Deregulation Of The Airline Industry :: essays research papers

Deregulation of the Airline Industry The airline industry has been subject of intense price competition since it was deregulated, and the result has been a number of new carriers which specialize in regional service and no-frills operations. These carriers typically purchase older aircraft and often operate outside the industry-wide computerized reservations system. In exchange for these inconveniences, passengers receive low fares relative to the industry as a whole. This research examines two low fare air carriers, ValuJet and Southwest Airlines. By investigating these air carriers, we can better understand the economic impacts of price versus service in the airline industry as a whole, as well as, the impacts on passenger and investor confidence. Until 1978, air transport rates were approved by the government, which meant that price was not a primary competitive factor. Instead, airlines would compete on service and image. The airline industry was dominated by giants (American, United, TWA) which offered nationwide and some international service, and by regional carriers, such as Southwest, which offered short trips between airports not served by the nationals.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Deregulation of the airline industry brought about in 1978 introduced a situation in which the national and regional carriers were suddenly able to compete in an environment that resembled a free market. Rate schedules were lifted, price fixing was eliminated and route management was removed. The main factors that affected whether an airline could serve a particular city was whether or not that city had enough gates for the new carrier, and whether the carrier was able to afford to purchase them. Companies such as Southwest recognized potential for low fares, and began building a niche for themselves by offering low fares with equivalent low levels of service. Southwest's success gave rise to a new generation of low fare airlines, with ValuJet entering the market in the early 1990's. Unfortunately, ValuJet suffered a string of accidents which brought the future of this air carrier into question. ValuJet is a low-priced airline that offers inexpensive tickets for regional travel. Based in Atlanta, the airline serves the Southeastern United States and competes with Continental Airlines as well as with other small regional carriers. It serves 31 cities primarily in the southeastern United States. The airline began its service with flights to Tampa and Orlando from Atlanta in 1993. The no-frills strategy paid off for the fledgling airline, which posted half again as many revenue passenger miles in April 1996 as it did in April 1995. However, the company announced that it was slowing the expansion of its services, voluntarily, at the same time that it posted this impressive revenue mark (Cole & Pasztor, 1996, p. Deregulation Of The Airline Industry :: essays research papers Deregulation of the Airline Industry The airline industry has been subject of intense price competition since it was deregulated, and the result has been a number of new carriers which specialize in regional service and no-frills operations. These carriers typically purchase older aircraft and often operate outside the industry-wide computerized reservations system. In exchange for these inconveniences, passengers receive low fares relative to the industry as a whole. This research examines two low fare air carriers, ValuJet and Southwest Airlines. By investigating these air carriers, we can better understand the economic impacts of price versus service in the airline industry as a whole, as well as, the impacts on passenger and investor confidence. Until 1978, air transport rates were approved by the government, which meant that price was not a primary competitive factor. Instead, airlines would compete on service and image. The airline industry was dominated by giants (American, United, TWA) which offered nationwide and some international service, and by regional carriers, such as Southwest, which offered short trips between airports not served by the nationals.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Deregulation of the airline industry brought about in 1978 introduced a situation in which the national and regional carriers were suddenly able to compete in an environment that resembled a free market. Rate schedules were lifted, price fixing was eliminated and route management was removed. The main factors that affected whether an airline could serve a particular city was whether or not that city had enough gates for the new carrier, and whether the carrier was able to afford to purchase them. Companies such as Southwest recognized potential for low fares, and began building a niche for themselves by offering low fares with equivalent low levels of service. Southwest's success gave rise to a new generation of low fare airlines, with ValuJet entering the market in the early 1990's. Unfortunately, ValuJet suffered a string of accidents which brought the future of this air carrier into question. ValuJet is a low-priced airline that offers inexpensive tickets for regional travel. Based in Atlanta, the airline serves the Southeastern United States and competes with Continental Airlines as well as with other small regional carriers. It serves 31 cities primarily in the southeastern United States. The airline began its service with flights to Tampa and Orlando from Atlanta in 1993. The no-frills strategy paid off for the fledgling airline, which posted half again as many revenue passenger miles in April 1996 as it did in April 1995. However, the company announced that it was slowing the expansion of its services, voluntarily, at the same time that it posted this impressive revenue mark (Cole & Pasztor, 1996, p.

PacSun Store Analysis Essay

Customer ProfileThe current customer of the Junior girls department of the PacSun are young women who are driven by surfing, skateboarding, snowboarding, and other associated actives and lifestyle. The typical customer wardrobe is consists of everyday casual apparel that is versatile enough for excessive movement and wear. Customer Demographics:†¢Female†¢14-18 yrs old†¢middle class†¢ high school education†¢have average 2 siblings†¢parents both work, have college degrees†¢outdoor active lifestyle†¢interest in surf, skateboarding, and/or snowboarding†¢personality is free spirited, spontaneous, social, and sport orientedIn regards to the statistics of the buyer profile compared to the actual product consumer profile is influenced by outside factors. An average of 45% of the customers where young girls with a female parental that purchased items, 35% of the customers were young women in groups of 2 or more, while 15% of those groups all purchased individual items. There was an average of 15% of customers who where young women by themselves, 2% of the remaining profile were parents (mainly women) who where purchasing for someone else, then another 2% where male parental’s purchasing for someone else, and the last 1% was young women with a mate. Within the department’s customer profile, there is an average of 65% of girls that were sizes 3-7 and/or S/M; and the remaining 35% where either above or below the average size range. Department AnalysisI. Department Environment-The environment of the department is very energetic and free spirited. All the employee’s were friendly and conservative toward each customer. It was about four o’clock p.m. when I visited the PacSun location. There were an estimated eight female customers in this department. The sales associates working the floor were eager to help each customer with there individual needs. When entering the store it takes an average of three seconds before being welcomed to the store. II. Merchandise Appearance-The merchandise in this department was all put in  it’s designated section. The merchandise on the floor racks was organized by related items and style preference. The items on the walls were grouped in sections of tops, pants, and jackets that looked best with each other. The clearance section was clean and organized by sizes, and all the merchandise was in the correct size section. The displays were organized with coinciding outfits, a few pairs of jeans and tee-shirts, folded next to each other with a couple bags/ backpacks; the display flows well with the product layout in the department. III. Merchandise Classification-The Classifying of the products was very versatile with the other products. All of the merchandise stock is focused on surf and skate brands of clothing. The majority of the stock is in tee-shirts, sweatshirts, and jeans. This department classification of products is focused more on large assortment of merchandise within a small variety of classifications. This merchandise scheme works well with this store because it allows each customer to personalize the individual items in to outfits of their own style preference. Data SummaryI. Compare and contrast: After reviewing the primary and secondary data, to get a better understanding of the PacSuntarget market and realistic profitability goals, it seem to be within a match able range of the comparison of experiencing the same demographics. In the field study conducted there seems to be a low amount of consumers shopping, but when added to an average amount of customers per day it is appropriate. At this particular location farther inland from the coast, the store has more foot traffic because of the decrease of competition in other surf/skate store near the coast. The income data compared to the guesstimate of income, based on purchasing amounts spent, does not match up. It seems that people were spending more money then bring in. When looking over the work force statistics, it seems that more parents are working and allow children to buy more products for the missed time together, allowing for huge indulges in money spent shopping. I feel that the customer is a teenager with working parents and most shop is done on own. The customer is give fixed amounts to spend and pre-though  periods through out the year. The consumer is likely to be working a small part-time job and spends paycheck on personal wants and entertainment. The loyal PacSun customers like to create their own activities related style through items at the store. There clothing chooses are selected more through durability and versatility, then innovative trends. The customer is entertainment seeking and dedicate. It is more like that the customers of PacSun are returning customers then new ones, once image is established by consumer, they tend to continue on the same path. II. Modification MixAs a buyer for PacSun it would be advisable to really study the store surroundings because even though the seasons are changing, it is likely that customers will purchase tank tops andshort-sleeve shirts year round. The need for jackets is usually slim, but a wide range of sweatshirt and sweaters is a necessity because the San Diego area does get windy during the end of the year. Being a buyer for specific classification of customers is defiantly easier when in a usually predicable climate, like San Diego. Knowing the trendy colors for each season is more necessary then knowing the trendy cut shirt cuts, because the PacSun consumer wants to be able to wear the item for season after season, not just for a few months. The most important thing to remember, as a buyer, is to buy the products for the customer not the corporation. Meaning to always fulfill the customers needs before selling products for corporate popularity and profitability. If logical, I would widen the size range of the clothing to open up the target market to teenagers in the plus size range. This will increase the foot traffic in the store. Other then the sizing, the store have the right products and styles in it that lives up to the PacSun reputation. If it were possible to reach a different customer segmentation, while maintaining the current the merchandise is stores, it would have to be to add another section for Pre-teenagers, ages 10 to 14 years old, there are many younger customers that are already set in there type of clothing classification of style related to there activities, like surfing and skate boarding. This would consist of extending the sizes and styles to Boy and Girl sizes and styles, but using the same consistency of brands. This would create a whole new foot traffic and profitability for PacSun stores. Bibliography –www.pacsun.com, copyright 2007-www.hoovers.com, copyright 2007-onsight analysis. date January 23, 2007

He was made famous for his unique poetry about sex and...

He was made famous for his unique poetry about sex and immature topics E.E. Cummings is the name of this poet who lived from 1894 through 1962. Cummings was a unique person with an equally unique life and unsuccessful love life that shaped his award winning unique writing style. E.E. Cummings was born in Boston, Massachusetts on September 3rd, 1962. Cummings’ dad was a professor at Harvard who turned into a Unitarian pasture. His mother had encouraged Cummings to write and to always keep a journal (english.illinois.edu). E.E. Cummings had gotten his A.M. from Harvard in 1916 and in 1917 he published some of his early poems in the book â€Å"Eight Harvard Poet†. The same year that he had published his poems, he left for France to be an†¦show more content†¦While E.E. Cummings had been painting Nancy’s portrait, he soon reveals that he was her father and they get a healthy father-daughter relationship. One of E.E. Cummings most famous poems is â€Å"Humanity I Love You†, a free verse poem about all of the faults of humanity (hellopoetry.com). The poems title is a both a lie and a contradiction that becomes apparent when you read the last 4 words â€Å"humanity I hate you† (Humanity I Love You stanzas 56). This is just one example of E.E. Cummings unique writing style. A lot of his poems were about sex or strange subjects such as â€Å"The Day of the Spoken Lyric is past† where E.E. Cummings sais â€Å"The poem which has at last taken its place does not sing itself; it builds itself, three dimensionally, gradually, subtly, in the consciousness of the experiencer(Cummings). In the 1950’s cummings began another career as a reader of his poetry to audiences in New York and college campuses, becoming the most popular performer of the academic arts, after Robert Frost. During his life time he had received many honors that came in many forms. He received a Gu ggenheim fellowship in 1951, a collected edition of his poems, a special citation from the National Book Award Committee in 1955, and the Bollingen Prize in 1958. EE Cummings had a very successful career until his death in 1962 by a stroke at Joy farm. EE Cummings may be remembered many years to come because of his unique writing style, unfortunate love life, and

Organizational Culture, Climate, Structure And...

This assignment will describe an organisational culture, climate, structure and relationship between them. It will also explain organisational behaviour, communication and barriers in business using theory from books, academic journals and internet. Also, will analyse the key theories and concepts of culture. Moreover, it will explore understandings of how the identified issues relate to management practice. In addition, there will be a discussion of how the organisation helps Tesco to fulfil their purpose. Tesco is an international retailer and the largest supermarket chain in United Kingdom. Tesco was founded in London by Jack Cohen in 1919 as a group of market stalls. Eventually, the company has grown and these days Tesco is a public limited company that has a large amount of shareholders and employees (Tesco, 2015). Every business has its own organisational culture. It is very significant to the organisation because well-developed culture will guide the successful business model. According to Tharp (2009, p.2) claims that â€Å"for some, culture is considered the â€Å"glue† that holds an organisation together and for others, the â€Å"compass† that provides directions†. The organisational culture is the system of shared actions, values, beliefs, norms, working language, systems, symbols and habits that develops and guides human behaviour in the organisation (Shermerhorn et al., 2012). According to Mullins (2010) states, that organisational culture is developing through long-termShow MoreRelatedBecoming A Doctoral Program At Concordia University1539 Words   |  7 PagesEntering a doctoral program at Concordia University with a background in leadership and organizational development, I felt fairly confident that I would be able to successfully define what it means to serve as a leader. 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Organizational culture is the summation of the underlying organizational values manifesting as collective assumptions, attitudes, beliefs, expectations and norms.   Grounded in the customs and values of the organizational construct as well as in the experiences and interactions of the people within its walls, culture is the personality of an organizationRead MoreEthical Behavior As A Fundamental Part Within Creating The Prosperous Company793 Words   |  4 Pagescommand and control is another trend mentioned by Uhl-Bien, Schermerhorn and Osbron (2012). People change as much as the world around them. As people develop new life priorities, classic methods of leading are not fitting anymore. Authors suggest that new practices involving â€Å"shared leadership, flexible structures† (p. 8) need to be applied for better cooperation between leaders and workers (Uhl-Bien, Schermerhorn and Osbron, 2012) In chapter 1, Uhl-Bien, Schermerhorn and OsbornRead MoreDeterminants of Organizational Culture and Climate1838 Words   |  8 Pagesdeterminants and dimensions 0f organisational culture and climate. The effectiveness and success of an organization is not solely measured by profitability, it can also be measured by the way business is done and how the company is perceived by both its employees and the external community. These processes and formed impressions are functions of organizational culture which may be defined in several ways. 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The Ethical Concerns Of Psychotherapy - 1229 Words

The Research of Psychotherapy Psychotherapy is an interactive process between two individuals or more for the purpose of the improvement or the relief of the suffer of the person from compulsion, troublesome behavior, depression, etc. The process has to be done by using the therapeutic methods which logically relevant to the case under the regulations by laws and the profession. The therapist required for psychotherapy is proficient in both the theories of formation of personality and the techniques and theories of cognitive behavior modification. Founded by Sigmund Freud in the early 20th century, the Modern psychology has been developing and improved its concepts and theories. Psychotherapy, the application of it, has been perfecting†¦show more content†¦It is equally forbidden for the professional secret to be communicated to another, including a doctor. The same is true of other secrets.† (Pope Pius XII). The holy father used confession as a similar example of the principle: The secrets from a psychotherapy should never be revealed to others just like that priests can never disclose the secrets from the confession room. The holly father understood the importance of the secrets of the patients as a principle in psychotherapy. The dignity of a human person can be protected when his or her deep secrets would not be known by others. However, the principle might vary under different circumstances in psychotherapy. The involvement of the third parties and their benefits are the main causes of the problem of confidentiality. That in what kind of situation should a therapist disclose the content of the therapy is actually hard to be determined. Whether or not leaking the secrets of the patients under certain circumstances is ethical becomes one of biggest ethical dilemma in Psychotherapy. 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(2012).  Counseling and psychotherapy theories in context and practice; skills, strategies, and techniques  (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons, Inc.. 2. How does personality apply to counseling theories? An individuals personality will often either help or hinder the counselingRead MoreA Research On Group Therapy996 Words   |  4 Pagespurpose. Accordingly, some of these benefits are derived from individuals within a therapeutic setting where group therapy has been effectively used in counseling for several years and remains ongoing. Group therapy is largely described as a type of psychotherapy that involves one or more therapist working with several clients at the same time. Group therapy is offered in varying mental health setting including hospitals, mental health clinics, private practice and community centers and is used to treat

Caryl Phillips Cambridge Free Essays

In Caryl Phillips Cambridge, Phillips begins by introducing Emily, a young upper-class white woman, who is sent to the West Indies for three months to inspect her father’s sugar plantation. By constructing the novel into several distinctive voices, he exposes to his readers multiple points of view surrounding the novel’s fictional world. The first section of the novel is in the form of a journal, narrated by Emily herself, and gives readers a sense of Emily’s identity through her depictions of her surroundings. We will write a custom essay sample on Caryl Phillips Cambridge or any similar topic only for you Order Now Phillips takes a gendered narrative approach to explore eurocentric influence in the depictions of black womanhood during the African Diaspora and how it has affected the conceptualization of race in the past and present. Emily often finds the need to express her disgust of the appearances of black women. Setting forth towards her father’s estate, Emily is accompanied by a white gentleman, a negro driver, and a negro woman. Observing the woman, Emily states, â€Å"Her toothless gums were visible through her thick and open lips, and her church hat failed to mask her sad, unfeminine baldness† (21). Emily justifies her revulsion of the woman’s appearance based on her skewed perception of femininity. Because she does not meet eurocentric beauty ideals, her appearance is not seen on her own terms but rather criticized by someone who does not share her culture nor values. Emily uses the terms â€Å"toothless† and â€Å"bald† to highlight the black woman’s unappealing features and therefore, she reinforces the idea that Black women are less feminine than other women. Such depictions take an immeasurable toll on Black women, who have to constantly challenge the notion that they are less feminine, that their blackness is something curious, or difficult to handle to white standards. Despite the fact that what is considered to be â€Å"feminine† and â€Å"beautiful† is constantly changing, it does so in a way that continues to revolve around a Eurocentric standards. Emily’s faulty depictions preserve the idea that white people are superior in many ways to black people, and therefore, they have the right to assert their dominance over other races. In the past, science was used to justify â€Å"white supremacy,† where attributes of European culture were used to create a rationale for European authority. European slave traders used â€Å"scientific racism† to justify their preconceived notions that Blacks were not people but property, therefore they lacked basic fundamental rights. Upon arriving at the luncheon, Emily sets eyes on Christiana; unhappy with her presence, she orders the â€Å"coal-black, ape-woman† to leave. Emily suggests that Christiana’s features and mannerisms are similar to those of an ape and that her race is not only inferior but scientifically less evolved. This passage goes above and beyond; it showcases how whites distanced race from the core values of both feminism and humanism, proving that both were based on the systematic ideology of slaveholders and their allies. Phillips shows readers that the idea that all human beings are born with basic human rights was not prevalent to Blacks during this period. European slave traders used their preconceived notions to justify that Africans served no other purpose but to work as slaves. This was a view of humanity that made life grueling for Black slaves in the Americas. Equating animals to blacks was a malicious and effective instrument of dehumanisation, which historically manifested a powerful weapon that Europeans used to justify the institution of slavery. Black physical features, especially black women’s bodies and hair, have been devalued for centuries. The idea that blackness exists outside the realm of beauty was imposed by whites who constructed a hierarchy that privileged those with lighter skin, and straighter hair where Blacks could not meat this ideal of femininity. Emily, stopping to observe the black men and women washing clothes with their bare hands, can’t help but comment on the appearance of the women. â€Å"The appearance of the females was truly disgusting to me†¦one woman, her hair matted with filth, and, I imagine, her flesh host to countless forms of infestation, stood in a condition of total nudity in the centre of the stream..† The standards of white beauty created a barrier for Black women to attain it because it did not apply to most Black women thus, American femininity has existed behind the image of a white women. When Emily inadequately associates â€Å"natural hair† with the her own terms, she sets standards for physical characteristics that represent her race, failing to include anyone that doesn’t meet her skewed notions what constitutes a feminine woman. As a result, for years, Black women have taken part in many practices that attempt to mask their physical features in accordance with socially accepted conventions influenced by Whiteness. Emily’s negative depictions of Black women stems from conditions of her privilege. Through Emily, Phillips shows readers how White’s responded to black womanhood in the nineteenth century. What constituted a Black woman was directly related to the control that Whites had over them. Racism was at work, reinforcing the conception of whiteness while at the same time, deconstructing blackness. How to cite Caryl Phillips Cambridge, Papers

Youth Violence And The Mass Media Essay Example For Students

Youth Violence And The Mass Media Essay Introduction The problem I am researching is the desensitizing of Americas youth through violence in the mass media, specifically television and video games. I am interested in studying it because as violence on television and the violent content contained in video games has increased, so has youth violence. I want to find if the increasing violence shown on television and video games has a desensitizing effect on Americas youth, thus, increasing the probability that they will commit an act of violence. I believe that this research is important because I think violence on television and video games is a form of classical conditioning. In the movie, A Clockwork Orange, the character was given negative reinforcement whenever he sees acts of violence shown to him on television. Eventually, he becomes repulsed by it and feels ill every time he sees or thinks of committing an act of violence. I think television and violent games are having a reverse effect on Americas youth. Violence is glorified in the mass media, thus youth become to associate killing with entertainment, they see violence as the manly thing to do, and they see how violence on television often goes unpunished. I feel this is a cause of youth violence because of the desensitizing nature of violence on television. One study showed that network programming averages 36.6 violent acts per hour. Is there any question that this would have a desensitizing effect on Americas youth over time? Literature Review I looked at five other studies that were related to my research. The first was from an article from the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology entitled Video Games and Aggressive Thoughts, Feelings, and Behavior in the Laboratory and in Life by Craig Anderson and Karen Dill. In the article, the effects of violent video games on youths were studied. What was found was that real-life violent video game play was positively related to increased aggressive behavior and delinquency. Also, academic achievement was negatively related to the overall amount of time spent playing games. This study involved two different forms of observation. The short-term effects (laboratory aggression) of the video games was studied using laboratory observation, while the long-term effects (increased delinquency) were studied using surveys. Another study I looked at was an article from the Sociological Spectrum entitled Violence, Morality, and Television Commercials by Brenden Maguire, Diane Sandage, and Georgie Ann Weatherby. This study examined whether violence in television commercials was related to declining morality and rising crime among youths. A content analysis was performed of 1699 commercials shown over sixteen days and evenings in January and February of 1996 and June and July in 1997. What was found that only a small percentage of commercials contained violence and a small number of commercials exhibited behavior or attitudes contrary to conventional moral standards. Maguire et al concluded that although advertisers sponsor programs that feature violence, they do not wish to associate violence with their products. Therefore, commercials have little to effect on the increasing aggressive tendencies of Americas youth. The third article I studied was from the journal, Aggression and Violent Behavior 4, entitled Film Violence and Young Offenders by Amanda Pennell and Kevin Browne. In this article, Pennell and Browne found that screen violence can affect consumer behavior by: imitation of violent roles and aggressive acts; triggering of aggressive impulses in predisposed individuals; desensitizing feelings of sympathy towards victims; creating indifference towards use of violence; and creating a frame of mind that sees violent acts as socially acceptable responses to stress and frustration. Pennell and Browne found young offenders like violent videos because of their aggressive backgrounds and behavioral tendencies, but concluded that whether such tastes in film reinforce violent behavior and increasing frequency of aggressive acts is debatable. The methodology used in this study was laboratory observation, with each youth being shown a violent video and their immediate reaction as well as their impr ession of the video late being noted. The fourth article I used was entitled Cutting Film Violence: Effects on Perceptions, Enjoyment, and Arousal by Mike Berry, Tim Gray, and Ed Donnerstein. .ubb3e22c3af47a28cc896ac9e6b833633 , .ubb3e22c3af47a28cc896ac9e6b833633 .postImageUrl , .ubb3e22c3af47a28cc896ac9e6b833633 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubb3e22c3af47a28cc896ac9e6b833633 , .ubb3e22c3af47a28cc896ac9e6b833633:hover , .ubb3e22c3af47a28cc896ac9e6b833633:visited , .ubb3e22c3af47a28cc896ac9e6b833633:active { border:0!important; } .ubb3e22c3af47a28cc896ac9e6b833633 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubb3e22c3af47a28cc896ac9e6b833633 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubb3e22c3af47a28cc896ac9e6b833633:active , .ubb3e22c3af47a28cc896ac9e6b833633:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubb3e22c3af47a28cc896ac9e6b833633 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubb3e22c3af47a28cc896ac9e6b833633 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubb3e22c3af47a28cc896ac9e6b833633 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubb3e22c3af47a28cc896ac9e6b833633 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubb3e22c3af47a28cc896ac9e6b833633:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubb3e22c3af47a28cc896ac9e6b833633 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubb3e22c3af47a28cc896ac9e6b833633 .ubb3e22c3af47a28cc896ac9e6b833633-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubb3e22c3af47a28cc896ac9e6b833633:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Watergate Essay This article was taken from the Journal of Social Psychology. This study investigated the effects of cutting specific graphic scenes .

Case Solutions Deloitte Essay Example

Case Solutions Deloitte Paper We encourage users of this case study to follow this project and review the and Saabs Web site for updates. Case 04-9: Healthcare Depot On April 22, 201 1 , the FAST issued a Proposed Accounting Standards Update, Interdenominational and Other (Topic 350): Testing Goodwill for Impairment. Under the proposed ASS, entities testing goodwill for impairment would have the option of performing a qualitative assessment before calculating the fair value of the reporting unit (i. E. , step I of the goodwill impairment test). If entities determine, on the basis to qualitative factors, that the fair value tooth reporting unit is more likely than not greater than the carrying amount, a quantitative calculation would not be needed. The proposal would not change how goodwill is calculated or assigned to reporting units, nor would it revise the requirement to test goodwill annually for impairment. In addition, the proposed guidance does not amend the requirement to test goodwill for impairment between annual tests if events or circumstances warrant: however, it does revise the examples of events and circumstances that an entity should consider. These circumstances include: ; Macroeconomic conditions such as a deterioration in general economic conditions, limitations on accessing capital, fluctuations in foreign exchange dates, or other developments in equity and credit markets Industry and market considerations such as a deterioration in the environment in Which an entity operates, an increased competitive environment, a decline (both absolute and relative to its peers) in market-dependent multiples or metrics, a change in the market for an entity products or services, or a regulatory or political development Cost factors such as increases in raw materials, labor, or other costs that have a negative effect on earnings Overall financial performance such as negative or declining cash flows or a decline in actual or planned revenue or earnings Other relevant entity-specific events such as changes in management, key personnel, strategy, or customers; contemplation of bankruptcy; or litigation Events affecting a reporting unit s uch as a change in the carrying amount Of its net assets, a more-likely-than-not expectation of selling or disposing all or a portion Of a reporting unit, the testing for recoverability Of a significant asset group within a reporting unit, or recognition of a goodwill impairment loss in the financial statements Of a subsidiary that is a component Of a reporting unit If applicable, a sustained decrease (both absolute and relative to its peers) in share price. These factors are not meant to be all-inclusive. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Solutions Deloitte specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Case Solutions Deloitte specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Case Solutions Deloitte specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Entities should also consider: ; ; ; The significance and adversity of each factor relative to the fair value of the reporting unit Positive factors and mitigating circumstances that may affect the analysis If the entity has a recent fair value calculation for the reporting unit, whether the fair value of the reporting unit exceeded its carrying amount by a substantial margin The factors in their totality, No one factor is meant to e a determinative event that triggers a quantitative calculation. Further, the existence of positive and mitigating events and circumstances is not intended to represent a reputable presumption that an entity should not perform the first step of the goodwill impairment test. The proposed ASSAIL would also amend the guidance on performing an interim test of goodwill. ACS 350-20-35-30 currently provides examples of events and circumstances indicating when it is more likely than not that the fair value Of a reporting unit is less than the carrying amount. The proposal replaces such examples with the factors noted above for the qualitative assessment. We encourage you to check the FAST website for further details and developments. You can also check Dolomite. Com for Dolomite publications on proposals and final standards as they are issued, The Fasts project is not expected to affect the conclusions in this case. Case 05-6: Connect, Inc. In May 201 1, the SAAB issued IF-RSI 10, Consolidated Financial Statements, which replaced AS 27 and SIC 12 FIRS 10 is detective tort annual periods beginning on or after January l, 2013, Early application is permitted under specific circumstances. Lender FIRS 10, control is the single basis for consolidation, irrespective of the nature of the invested; this standard therefore eliminates the risks and rewards approach in SIC-12_ APRS 10 identified three elements of control: ; ; ; Power over the invested Exposure, or rights, to variable returns from involvement with the invested The ability to use power over the invested to affect the amount of the investors returns. FIRS 10 would change the analysis for this case; however, Connect would likely continue to consolidate Brittle. Case 07-03 Part I: Columbia On-Line Networks Subsequent to the release of the Exposure Draft issued by the FAST and SAAB in June 201 0, the Boards received a number Of comments and is currently reviewing and analyzing these comments. A revised draft of the Exposure Draft is expected review the Fasts and Saabs Web site for updates. Case 08-3: Hedge Documentation As of the end of May 2011 the FAST has not yet begun deliberations of comments received on the hedge accounting proposals included in its May 2010 proposed ASSAIL. However, the FAST has continued to monitor the Saabs project to amend the hedge accounting requirements currently included in AS 9, Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement. In December 2010, the SAAB issued its exposure draft (DE), Hedge Accounting. The Saabs proposed model focuses on an entitys risk management objectives as the basis for hedge accounting, In r-February 2011, the FAST issued a discussion paper (DIP), Selected Issues About Hedge Accounting, to obtain feedback on the Oasis DE; comments on the DIP were due by April 25, 201 1 _ The FAST intends to consider the feedback received on the Oasis proposal during its retaliations of the May 2010 hedge accounting proposals. The PASS has not yet indicated a specific timeline for When t plans to start such retaliations. Case 08-4: Bear Minimum On August 17, 2010, the FAST and SAAB took a significant Step toward revamping existing lease accounting rules by issuing an exposure draft (DE) outlining the boards views on a new accounting model. The boards began retaliations in January 201 1 and expect to issue a final standard late in 2011. The issuance of a final standard could be delayed if the boards decide to recompose the proposed leasing guidance, Lease accounting under US. GAP and FIRST is often criticized for being too reliant on bright lines and subjective judgments. Many believe that such reliance as led entities to account for economically similar transactions differently and has presented opportunities tort entities to structure transactions to achieve a desired accounting effect, The proposed lease model would eliminate operating leases and focus on an entity right to use an asset. Lessees would record a right-of-use asset and a corresponding obligation to pay rentals for all leases -? in other words, the concept of an operating lease would no longer exist, and all leases would be -?on balance sheet_l As it relates to lessons, the boards proposed two models in the DE: (1) the deterioration approach and (2) the performance obligation approach, This case does not reflect the tentative decisions that the boards have reached. Case 09-2: Paragraph Pharmaceutical Development Funding On December I g, 2008, the PASS and SAAB issued a discussion paper outlining their preliminary views on a single contract-based revenue recognition model. Currently, there are more than 100 revenue recognition standards in US. GAP. The proposed model eliminates conflicting guidance and reduces the number of revenue recognition standards. The Boards issued an Exposure Draft for public comment in the second quarter of 2010 and a final standard expected in the second half of 2011. We encourage you to review the FAST and SAAB websites for further details and developments. You can also review Dolomite. Com for Dolomite publications on proposals and final standards as they are issued. Case 09-04: Needs space On August 17, 2010, the FAST and SAAB took a significant step toward revamping boards views on a new accounting model, The boards began redecoration in January 2011 and expect to issue a final standard late in 2011. The issuance of a final standard could be delayed if the boards decide to recompose the proposed leasing guidance. Lease accounting under U. S. GAP and Fires is often irritated for being too reliant on bright lines and subjective judgments, Many believe that such reliance has led entities to account for economically similar transactions differently and has presented opportunities for entities to structure transactions to achieve a desired accounting effect. The proposed lease model would eliminate operating leases and focus On an entity right to use an asset. Lessees would record a right-of-use asset and a corresponding obligation to pay rentals for all leases -? in Other words, the concept Of an operating lease would no longer exist, and all leases would be on balance sheet. As it relates to lessons, the boards proposed two models in the DE: (I) the deterioration approach and (2) the performance obligation approach. This case does not reflect the tentative decisions that the boards have reached. Case 09-05 Part A: Pit stop Closed/Sold The FAST expects to re-expose a revised ASS in the second quarter of 2011. The Boards goal is to issue a final ASSAIL in the second half of 2011. Case 09-05 Part B: Pit stop Closed/Said The FAST expects to re-expose a revised ASIA in the second quarter of 2011. The Boards goal is to issue a final ASSAIL in the second halt to 2011. Case 09-08: Classified Information SEC Comments There are several SEC Comments cited in the case. These areas continue to be a focus in the SEC comment process. There are a number of additional topics related to financial statement classification on Vichy the SEC staff frequently comments. See the Financial Statement Classification section of Dolomites Special Report, SEC Comment Letters Including Industry Insights: A Snapshot of Current Themes (Fourth Edition), for information on these topics. All SEC Comments are also available publicly on the SEC Web site in the IDEA (formerly EDGAR) database. FAST/SAAB Joint Project on Financial Statement Presentation In this project, the FAST and SAAB are taking a fresh look at the manner in which financial information is presented in an entity statement Of financial position, statement Of comprehensive income, and statement Of cash flows. The revised financial statement format is expected to be more cohesive and split between business (i. E. , operating and investing) and financing activities. This format would largely resemble the current presentation in the statement of cash flows. The intent of requiring a single financial statement presentation is to enhance the usefulness of financial information and increase he comparability and consistency of financial statements within and across entities. Specific changes would include the following: ; Statement of financial position -? Requiring presentation of assets and liabilities by major activity within operating, investing, and financing categories. Statement of comprehensive income -? Requiring a single statement to comprehensive income grouped by using the same categories as those in the statement of financial position; further disaggregating of line items in the statement would be required. ; Statement of cash flows -? Requiring separate presentation of the main cat egories of cash accepts and cash payments for operating activities (i. E. , direct method) rather than reconciliation of net income to net operating cash flows (ii_, indirect method). However, a reconciliation of operating income to net operating cash flows would be required in the notes to the financial statements. ; Notes to the financial statements -? Requiring disclosure Of the rationale used to classify assets and liabilities into categories and sections in the statement Of financial position. In addition, an entity would be required to provide a reconciliation of beginning to ending balances of select assets and liabilities that management deems to be important to understanding the entitys financial position. The FAST and SAAB halted deliberations of their financial statement presentation project, with further consideration not expected before December 2011. While it is clear that changes to financial statement presentation will occur once a final ASSAIL is issued, implications to this case solution are unknown at this point. Case 10-01: Solving, Inc. In December 2010, the FAST and SAAB discussed some of the common themes identified in the feedback received on the new revenue recognition principle that the boards exposed for comment in June 2010. In January 201 1, the boards started retaliations by discussing two fundamental issues raised by constituents: (l) determining when a customer has obtained control to a good or service and (2) separating performance obligations. The boards plan to focus on the remaining issues at future meetings. This project represents a broad reconsideration of the manner in which an entity recognizes and reports information about revenue resulting from contracts with customers, It would supersede most of the current guidance on revenue recognition in US. GAP, with certain exceptions, doing away with the volumes of industry-specific audience that many have been using for years. In its place, entities would apply a broad principle when recognizing revenue for contracts under which goods or services are provided to customers. That broad principle would require an entity to (I) identify the contract with a customer, (2) identify the distinct performance obligations, (3) determine the transaction price, (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance Obligations, and (5) recognize revenue When the performance obligations are satisfied. On November 14, 201 1, the FAST and SAAB jointly issued their revised exposure draft, Revenue Prom Contracts With Customers. We encourage you to check the FAST and SAAB websites for further details and developments. You can also check Dolomite. Corn for Dolomite publications on proposals and final standards as they are issued Case 10-02: Ideas Impairment In April 201 1 , the FAST issued an exposure draft on testing goodwill for impairment. Under the proposal, entities would have value of the reporting unit (i. E. , step 1 of the goodwill impairment test). If entities determine, on the basis of qualitative factors, that the fair value of the reporting unit is more likely than not greater than the carrying amount, a initiative calculation would not be needed. The proposal would not change how goodwill is calculated or assigned to reporting units, nor would it revise the requirement to test goodwill annually for impairment In addition, the proposed guidance does not amend the requirement to test goodwill for impairment between annual tests it events or circumstances warrant: however, it does revise the examples of events and circumstances that an entity should consider. As it relates to this case, Ida would have the option of considering certain qualitative factors to determine Whether it was more likely than not that the fair value Of he reporting unit was less than its carrying amount. This assessment would be based on all facts and circumstances; however, the change in legislation and expected effect on Ideas production may indicate that (1) it is more likely than not that the fair value Of the reporting unit is less than the carrying amount and (2) Ida should perform step 1 of the goodwill impairment analysis. Case 10-03: Restructuring Costs The SAAB is currently retaliating amendments to AS 37 to (1) improve the guidance on identifying liabilities, (2) reduce differences between AS 37 and US. GAP, (3) make the recognition requirements consistent with the requirements for other liabilities, and (4) clarify the measurement of liabilities. As it relates to restructuring charges, the proposed amendments would align the accounting for restructuring costs under AS 37 (and termination benefits under AS 19) with ACS 420-10. The June 2005 Exposure Draft stated the following regarding restructuring provisions: AS 37 states that an entity that (a) has a detailed doormat plan tort restructuring and (b) has raised a valid expectation in those affected that it will carry out the restructuring has a constructive obligation. Therefore, it recognizes a provision for the direct expenditures arising from the restructuring, The exposure draft proposes: ; revisiting the application guidance for restructuring provisions to specify that a nonofficial liability for a cost associated with a restructuring is recognized only when the definition of a liability has been satisfied for that cost. Accordingly, a cost associated with a restructuring is recognized as a liability on the same basis as if that cost arose independently of a restructuring. Specific guidance for accounting for costs that are often associated faith a restructuring as follows: o the cost of employee orientation benefits is recognized in accordance with AS 19 Employee Benefits. o a liability for costs that Will continue to be incurred under a contract for its remaining term without equivalent economic benefit to the entity is recognized when the entity ceases using the right conveyed by the contract (in addition to any liability recognized if the contract was previously determined to be onerous). The cost of terminating a contract before the end of its term is recognized when the entity terminates the contract in accordance with the contract terms. The SAAB has indicated that the project will not be discussed again by the Board until the second half of 201 1. Case 10-07: Impaired Abilities The incurred-l oss impairment models in both GAP and FIRST were criticized during the financial crisis for delaying recognition of losses and not incorporating more forwardings inform-nation. To address these concerns, the FAST and the ASSAI (the boards) issued proposals on impairment. The SAAB issued an exposure draft (DE), Financial Instruments: Amortized Cost and Impairment, on November 5, 2009. The comment period ended on June 30, 2010. Under the proposals in the Gibbs DE, the amortized cost of a financial asset would be he present value of the future expected cash flows from the asset as adjusted for expected lifetime credit losses. TO recognize the initially estimated credit losses, entities would reduce the amount of interest revenue recognized on the financial asset by adjusting the effective interest rate Of the asset to reflect the initially expected lifetime credit losses. However, any subsequent changes to the estimate Of lifetime credit losses would be immediately recognized in profit or loss. On May 26, 2010, the FAST issued a proposed ASIA, Accounting for Financial Instruments and Revisions to the Accounting for Derivative Instruments ND Hedging Activities. The comment period ended on September 30, 2010. Lender the proposed ASSAIL, an entity should not apply a probability threshold when determining whether a credit loss exists, That is, in assessing credit impairment, the entity would not wait until a loss is probable before recognizing an impairment loss. Although the entity would not forecast future events or economic conditions that do not exist as of the reporting date in assessing a financial asset for credit impairment, the entity would consider the impact of past events and existing conditions on the current and future collectivity of he cash flows associated with the financial asset, The boards had different objectives for their respective impairment projects. The Abss goal was to ensure that the allowance was sufficient to absorb all expected credit losses, The Saabs goal was to recognize initially expected lifetime credit losses over the life of the asset in accordance with the view that credit loss considerations are a component in the pricing of the asset. In other words, the FAST focused more on the statement of financial position, and the SAAB focused more on earnings. In an effort to converge on improvements to accounting for impairment, on January 1, 2011, the boards proposed a common solution for impairment accounting in the supplementary document (SD) Accounting for Financial Instruments and Revisions to the Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities -? Impairment. The comment period ended on April 1, 2011. Scope The proposals in the SD would apply to (I) loans and debt instruments under LIST. GAP that are managed on an open portfolio basis, provided that they are not measured at fair value With changes in fair value recognized in net income, and (2) financial assets under Fires that are managed on an open-portfolio basis and measured t amortized cost. Good Book Versus Bad Book The SD proposes that, in determining an impairment allowance, an entity differentiate between financial assets managed in a good book and those managed in a bad book, depending on the degree of uncertainty about the collegiality of the cash flows of the financial asset, An asset would be transferred to the bad book when the entire/s screwdrivers management objective changes for that asset from receiving payments from the debtor to recovery of all or a portion of the financial asset. The lifetime expected losses for assets in the good book would be recognized over time, whereas he lifetime expected losses for assets transferred to the bad book would be recognized immediately in profit or loss to the extent that the losses were not already recognized in profit or loss. Impairment -? The Good Book Approach The SD proposes that for financial assets for which it is appropriate to recognize expected credit losses over time (i. E. , the good book), the allowance amount would be determined as the higher of (I) a portion of lifetime expected credit losses determined under a denominational approach and (2) credit losses expected to occur in the foreseeable future (defined in the SD as no less than 2 months after the reporting date). A minimum floor allowance equal to the credit losses expected to occur in the foreseeable future (but no less than 12 months after the reporting date) was included so that a sufficient allowance is recognized for asset classes that experience higher default rates early in the assets life. Impairment -? The Bad Book Approach upon the transfer of an asset from the good book to the bad book, all remaining lifetime expected credit losses would he recognized immediately, Entities that do not manage their credit risk by differentiating assets on the basis of the good book versus bad book arterial outlined in the SD would still be required to differentiate their assets to determine an impairment allowance. Expected Credit Loss Estimates The boards have clarified that the expected credit loss estimate should take into account all intimation available, including internal and external information (e. G. Historical data and current economic conditions as well as reasonable and supportable forec asts of future events and future economic indicators). The estimate of future conditions should be consistent with both currently available information and managements internal forecasts. The estimate of expected credit losses should be updated at least as of each reporting date Entities will need to develop two separate expected-loss estimates: (1) one for the lifetime expected losses under the time-proportional approach and (2) a second for losses expected to occur in the foreseeable future period (at least 12 months after the reporting date) in determining the minimum floor for the allowance under the good book approach. The foreseeable future period is a constant period and would not change from period to period, but it may vary in length among different asset classes depending on he characteristics for each asset class. Next Steps As a result of the general lack Of support for the SD from constituents, in their joint meeting held on May 17-19, 2011 , the boards decided not to pursue the proposed joint impairment approach. The boards will establish a working group consisting of FAST and SAAB members and senior staff to develop a new variation of the proposals. The working group will consider all the feedback received on the original SD proposals of both boards and, after considering various elements of the impairment approaches, will make a recommendation to the boards regarding objectives and baseline models. Case 11-03: Masters of the Universe FIRS Addendum Overview On May 12, 2011 the SAAB issued the following new and amended guidance (the -?package of file) on consolidated financial statements and joint arrangements: ; FIRS 10, which replaces AS 27 and SIC-II ; IVR 12. ; AS 27 (Revised 201 1), which has been amended for the issuance of FIRS 10 but retains the current guidance on separate financial statements. ; AS 28 (Revised 2011), which has been amended for conforming changes on the basis of the issuance of FIRS 10 and FIRS 11. The above package of five now provides the primary source Of IVR guidance for determining when and how to prepare consolidated financial statements. The SAABS Objective in issuing PROS 10 and related guidance was to develop a single source of authoritative guidance on consolidation accounting that focuses on control. FIRS 10 includes a revised definition Of control, including additional application guidance, to make it more comprehensive and to address perceived inconsistencies between AS 27 (which focuses on control) and SIC-12 (which focuses on risks and rewards). FIRS 10 identifies the following three elements of control: ; IP]ewer over the invested. ; [E)exposure, or rights, to variable returns room involvement with the invested. ; [T]he ability to use power over the invested to affect the amount of the investors returns. An investor must possess all three elements to conclude that it controls an invested. The assessment of control is based on all facts and circumstances, and the conclusion is reassessed if there are changes to at least one of the three elements, Under FIRS 10, to have control over an invested, an investor must have not only (1) the power over an invested and exposure or rights to variable returns from its involvement with the invested, but also (2) the ability to use its power over the invested to affect returns from its involvement with the invested. Furthermore, the reporting entity shall conduct the assessment of control I PROS 10 retains AS TTS presumption that an entity that holds more than half of the voting rights in another entity has the power to direct its activities, but it also clarities that a reporting entity can have the power to direct the activities of another entity even if it holds less than half of the voting rights of that entity. This could occur when a reporting entity with less than half of the voting rights nevertheless has more voting rights than any Other party, and those voting sights are sufficient to give the reporting entity the ability to determine the entities strategic operating and financing policies. Joint Control FIRS II defines a joint arrangement as an -?arrangement of which two or more parties have joint control and clarifies that joint control exists only when -?decisions about the relevant activities require the unanimous consent of the parties that control the arrangement collectively.. Note that this concept of joint control includes control by more than two parties, but not when decisions may be reached by more than one combination of those parties. Potential Voting Rights FIRS 10 further requires an investor to also consider potential voting rights held either by itself or by other parties. Paragraph BBS) of FIRS 10 indicates that potential voting rights are considered only when they are substantive and -?alone, or in combination with other rights, can give an investor the current ability to direct the relevant activities, Considerations for this Case Conceptually, the characteristics of a Primary Beneficiary under ACS 810 discussed above and a controlling entity under FIRS 10 are substantially the same, Saturn decision making power with Edgar to the -?design, manufacturing, pricing, sales and distribution of clothing, its equity holdings and the fact that the areas over which it has control are clearly those areas that determine operating performance and, hence, return on investment, would result in its being considered the controlling entity under international standards as well. Current Status of the Consolidations Project -? June 201 1 The consolidations project began as a joint project between the FAST and ASSAI to develop improved, converged consolidation standards that would apply to all entities (i. E. Variable interest entities (VIES), voting interest entities, and investment companies). However, the boards ultimately decided not to converge on all aspects Of this topic, mainly because Of differences Of opinion on -?control with less than a majority of the voting rights and the consideration of -?potential voting rights-II For the SAAB, the project resulted in the issuance of new consolidation guidance in May 2011 (see discussion below and in the beginning of this addendum).