Case Solutions Deloitte Essay Example

Case Solutions Deloitte Paper We encourage users of this case study to follow this project and review the and Saabs Web site for updates. Case 04-9: Healthcare Depot On April 22, 201 1 , the FAST issued a Proposed Accounting Standards Update, Interdenominational and Other (Topic 350): Testing Goodwill for Impairment. Under the proposed ASS, entities testing goodwill for impairment would have the option of performing a qualitative assessment before calculating the fair value of the reporting unit (i. E. , step I of the goodwill impairment test). If entities determine, on the basis to qualitative factors, that the fair value tooth reporting unit is more likely than not greater than the carrying amount, a quantitative calculation would not be needed. The proposal would not change how goodwill is calculated or assigned to reporting units, nor would it revise the requirement to test goodwill annually for impairment. In addition, the proposed guidance does not amend the requirement to test goodwill for impairment between annual tests if events or circumstances warrant: however, it does revise the examples of events and circumstances that an entity should consider. These circumstances include: ; Macroeconomic conditions such as a deterioration in general economic conditions, limitations on accessing capital, fluctuations in foreign exchange dates, or other developments in equity and credit markets Industry and market considerations such as a deterioration in the environment in Which an entity operates, an increased competitive environment, a decline (both absolute and relative to its peers) in market-dependent multiples or metrics, a change in the market for an entity products or services, or a regulatory or political development Cost factors such as increases in raw materials, labor, or other costs that have a negative effect on earnings Overall financial performance such as negative or declining cash flows or a decline in actual or planned revenue or earnings Other relevant entity-specific events such as changes in management, key personnel, strategy, or customers; contemplation of bankruptcy; or litigation Events affecting a reporting unit s uch as a change in the carrying amount Of its net assets, a more-likely-than-not expectation of selling or disposing all or a portion Of a reporting unit, the testing for recoverability Of a significant asset group within a reporting unit, or recognition of a goodwill impairment loss in the financial statements Of a subsidiary that is a component Of a reporting unit If applicable, a sustained decrease (both absolute and relative to its peers) in share price. These factors are not meant to be all-inclusive. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Solutions Deloitte specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Case Solutions Deloitte specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Case Solutions Deloitte specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Entities should also consider: ; ; ; The significance and adversity of each factor relative to the fair value of the reporting unit Positive factors and mitigating circumstances that may affect the analysis If the entity has a recent fair value calculation for the reporting unit, whether the fair value of the reporting unit exceeded its carrying amount by a substantial margin The factors in their totality, No one factor is meant to e a determinative event that triggers a quantitative calculation. Further, the existence of positive and mitigating events and circumstances is not intended to represent a reputable presumption that an entity should not perform the first step of the goodwill impairment test. The proposed ASSAIL would also amend the guidance on performing an interim test of goodwill. ACS 350-20-35-30 currently provides examples of events and circumstances indicating when it is more likely than not that the fair value Of a reporting unit is less than the carrying amount. The proposal replaces such examples with the factors noted above for the qualitative assessment. We encourage you to check the FAST website for further details and developments. You can also check Dolomite. Com for Dolomite publications on proposals and final standards as they are issued, The Fasts project is not expected to affect the conclusions in this case. Case 05-6: Connect, Inc. In May 201 1, the SAAB issued IF-RSI 10, Consolidated Financial Statements, which replaced AS 27 and SIC 12 FIRS 10 is detective tort annual periods beginning on or after January l, 2013, Early application is permitted under specific circumstances. Lender FIRS 10, control is the single basis for consolidation, irrespective of the nature of the invested; this standard therefore eliminates the risks and rewards approach in SIC-12_ APRS 10 identified three elements of control: ; ; ; Power over the invested Exposure, or rights, to variable returns from involvement with the invested The ability to use power over the invested to affect the amount of the investors returns. FIRS 10 would change the analysis for this case; however, Connect would likely continue to consolidate Brittle. Case 07-03 Part I: Columbia On-Line Networks Subsequent to the release of the Exposure Draft issued by the FAST and SAAB in June 201 0, the Boards received a number Of comments and is currently reviewing and analyzing these comments. A revised draft of the Exposure Draft is expected review the Fasts and Saabs Web site for updates. Case 08-3: Hedge Documentation As of the end of May 2011 the FAST has not yet begun deliberations of comments received on the hedge accounting proposals included in its May 2010 proposed ASSAIL. However, the FAST has continued to monitor the Saabs project to amend the hedge accounting requirements currently included in AS 9, Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement. In December 2010, the SAAB issued its exposure draft (DE), Hedge Accounting. The Saabs proposed model focuses on an entitys risk management objectives as the basis for hedge accounting, In r-February 2011, the FAST issued a discussion paper (DIP), Selected Issues About Hedge Accounting, to obtain feedback on the Oasis DE; comments on the DIP were due by April 25, 201 1 _ The FAST intends to consider the feedback received on the Oasis proposal during its retaliations of the May 2010 hedge accounting proposals. The PASS has not yet indicated a specific timeline for When t plans to start such retaliations. Case 08-4: Bear Minimum On August 17, 2010, the FAST and SAAB took a significant Step toward revamping existing lease accounting rules by issuing an exposure draft (DE) outlining the boards views on a new accounting model. The boards began retaliations in January 201 1 and expect to issue a final standard late in 2011. The issuance of a final standard could be delayed if the boards decide to recompose the proposed leasing guidance, Lease accounting under US. GAP and FIRST is often criticized for being too reliant on bright lines and subjective judgments. Many believe that such reliance as led entities to account for economically similar transactions differently and has presented opportunities tort entities to structure transactions to achieve a desired accounting effect, The proposed lease model would eliminate operating leases and focus on an entity right to use an asset. Lessees would record a right-of-use asset and a corresponding obligation to pay rentals for all leases -? in other words, the concept of an operating lease would no longer exist, and all leases would be -?on balance sheet_l As it relates to lessons, the boards proposed two models in the DE: (1) the deterioration approach and (2) the performance obligation approach, This case does not reflect the tentative decisions that the boards have reached. Case 09-2: Paragraph Pharmaceutical Development Funding On December I g, 2008, the PASS and SAAB issued a discussion paper outlining their preliminary views on a single contract-based revenue recognition model. Currently, there are more than 100 revenue recognition standards in US. GAP. The proposed model eliminates conflicting guidance and reduces the number of revenue recognition standards. The Boards issued an Exposure Draft for public comment in the second quarter of 2010 and a final standard expected in the second half of 2011. We encourage you to review the FAST and SAAB websites for further details and developments. You can also review Dolomite. Com for Dolomite publications on proposals and final standards as they are issued. Case 09-04: Needs space On August 17, 2010, the FAST and SAAB took a significant step toward revamping boards views on a new accounting model, The boards began redecoration in January 2011 and expect to issue a final standard late in 2011. The issuance of a final standard could be delayed if the boards decide to recompose the proposed leasing guidance. Lease accounting under U. S. GAP and Fires is often irritated for being too reliant on bright lines and subjective judgments, Many believe that such reliance has led entities to account for economically similar transactions differently and has presented opportunities for entities to structure transactions to achieve a desired accounting effect. The proposed lease model would eliminate operating leases and focus On an entity right to use an asset. Lessees would record a right-of-use asset and a corresponding obligation to pay rentals for all leases -? in Other words, the concept Of an operating lease would no longer exist, and all leases would be on balance sheet. As it relates to lessons, the boards proposed two models in the DE: (I) the deterioration approach and (2) the performance obligation approach. This case does not reflect the tentative decisions that the boards have reached. Case 09-05 Part A: Pit stop Closed/Sold The FAST expects to re-expose a revised ASS in the second quarter of 2011. The Boards goal is to issue a final ASSAIL in the second half of 2011. Case 09-05 Part B: Pit stop Closed/Said The FAST expects to re-expose a revised ASIA in the second quarter of 2011. The Boards goal is to issue a final ASSAIL in the second halt to 2011. Case 09-08: Classified Information SEC Comments There are several SEC Comments cited in the case. These areas continue to be a focus in the SEC comment process. There are a number of additional topics related to financial statement classification on Vichy the SEC staff frequently comments. See the Financial Statement Classification section of Dolomites Special Report, SEC Comment Letters Including Industry Insights: A Snapshot of Current Themes (Fourth Edition), for information on these topics. All SEC Comments are also available publicly on the SEC Web site in the IDEA (formerly EDGAR) database. FAST/SAAB Joint Project on Financial Statement Presentation In this project, the FAST and SAAB are taking a fresh look at the manner in which financial information is presented in an entity statement Of financial position, statement Of comprehensive income, and statement Of cash flows. The revised financial statement format is expected to be more cohesive and split between business (i. E. , operating and investing) and financing activities. This format would largely resemble the current presentation in the statement of cash flows. The intent of requiring a single financial statement presentation is to enhance the usefulness of financial information and increase he comparability and consistency of financial statements within and across entities. Specific changes would include the following: ; Statement of financial position -? Requiring presentation of assets and liabilities by major activity within operating, investing, and financing categories. Statement of comprehensive income -? Requiring a single statement to comprehensive income grouped by using the same categories as those in the statement of financial position; further disaggregating of line items in the statement would be required. ; Statement of cash flows -? Requiring separate presentation of the main cat egories of cash accepts and cash payments for operating activities (i. E. , direct method) rather than reconciliation of net income to net operating cash flows (ii_, indirect method). However, a reconciliation of operating income to net operating cash flows would be required in the notes to the financial statements. ; Notes to the financial statements -? Requiring disclosure Of the rationale used to classify assets and liabilities into categories and sections in the statement Of financial position. In addition, an entity would be required to provide a reconciliation of beginning to ending balances of select assets and liabilities that management deems to be important to understanding the entitys financial position. The FAST and SAAB halted deliberations of their financial statement presentation project, with further consideration not expected before December 2011. While it is clear that changes to financial statement presentation will occur once a final ASSAIL is issued, implications to this case solution are unknown at this point. Case 10-01: Solving, Inc. In December 2010, the FAST and SAAB discussed some of the common themes identified in the feedback received on the new revenue recognition principle that the boards exposed for comment in June 2010. In January 201 1, the boards started retaliations by discussing two fundamental issues raised by constituents: (l) determining when a customer has obtained control to a good or service and (2) separating performance obligations. The boards plan to focus on the remaining issues at future meetings. This project represents a broad reconsideration of the manner in which an entity recognizes and reports information about revenue resulting from contracts with customers, It would supersede most of the current guidance on revenue recognition in US. GAP, with certain exceptions, doing away with the volumes of industry-specific audience that many have been using for years. In its place, entities would apply a broad principle when recognizing revenue for contracts under which goods or services are provided to customers. That broad principle would require an entity to (I) identify the contract with a customer, (2) identify the distinct performance obligations, (3) determine the transaction price, (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance Obligations, and (5) recognize revenue When the performance obligations are satisfied. On November 14, 201 1, the FAST and SAAB jointly issued their revised exposure draft, Revenue Prom Contracts With Customers. We encourage you to check the FAST and SAAB websites for further details and developments. You can also check Dolomite. Corn for Dolomite publications on proposals and final standards as they are issued Case 10-02: Ideas Impairment In April 201 1 , the FAST issued an exposure draft on testing goodwill for impairment. Under the proposal, entities would have value of the reporting unit (i. E. , step 1 of the goodwill impairment test). If entities determine, on the basis of qualitative factors, that the fair value of the reporting unit is more likely than not greater than the carrying amount, a initiative calculation would not be needed. The proposal would not change how goodwill is calculated or assigned to reporting units, nor would it revise the requirement to test goodwill annually for impairment In addition, the proposed guidance does not amend the requirement to test goodwill for impairment between annual tests it events or circumstances warrant: however, it does revise the examples of events and circumstances that an entity should consider. As it relates to this case, Ida would have the option of considering certain qualitative factors to determine Whether it was more likely than not that the fair value Of he reporting unit was less than its carrying amount. This assessment would be based on all facts and circumstances; however, the change in legislation and expected effect on Ideas production may indicate that (1) it is more likely than not that the fair value Of the reporting unit is less than the carrying amount and (2) Ida should perform step 1 of the goodwill impairment analysis. Case 10-03: Restructuring Costs The SAAB is currently retaliating amendments to AS 37 to (1) improve the guidance on identifying liabilities, (2) reduce differences between AS 37 and US. GAP, (3) make the recognition requirements consistent with the requirements for other liabilities, and (4) clarify the measurement of liabilities. As it relates to restructuring charges, the proposed amendments would align the accounting for restructuring costs under AS 37 (and termination benefits under AS 19) with ACS 420-10. The June 2005 Exposure Draft stated the following regarding restructuring provisions: AS 37 states that an entity that (a) has a detailed doormat plan tort restructuring and (b) has raised a valid expectation in those affected that it will carry out the restructuring has a constructive obligation. Therefore, it recognizes a provision for the direct expenditures arising from the restructuring, The exposure draft proposes: ; revisiting the application guidance for restructuring provisions to specify that a nonofficial liability for a cost associated with a restructuring is recognized only when the definition of a liability has been satisfied for that cost. Accordingly, a cost associated with a restructuring is recognized as a liability on the same basis as if that cost arose independently of a restructuring. Specific guidance for accounting for costs that are often associated faith a restructuring as follows: o the cost of employee orientation benefits is recognized in accordance with AS 19 Employee Benefits. o a liability for costs that Will continue to be incurred under a contract for its remaining term without equivalent economic benefit to the entity is recognized when the entity ceases using the right conveyed by the contract (in addition to any liability recognized if the contract was previously determined to be onerous). The cost of terminating a contract before the end of its term is recognized when the entity terminates the contract in accordance with the contract terms. The SAAB has indicated that the project will not be discussed again by the Board until the second half of 201 1. Case 10-07: Impaired Abilities The incurred-l oss impairment models in both GAP and FIRST were criticized during the financial crisis for delaying recognition of losses and not incorporating more forwardings inform-nation. To address these concerns, the FAST and the ASSAI (the boards) issued proposals on impairment. The SAAB issued an exposure draft (DE), Financial Instruments: Amortized Cost and Impairment, on November 5, 2009. The comment period ended on June 30, 2010. Under the proposals in the Gibbs DE, the amortized cost of a financial asset would be he present value of the future expected cash flows from the asset as adjusted for expected lifetime credit losses. TO recognize the initially estimated credit losses, entities would reduce the amount of interest revenue recognized on the financial asset by adjusting the effective interest rate Of the asset to reflect the initially expected lifetime credit losses. However, any subsequent changes to the estimate Of lifetime credit losses would be immediately recognized in profit or loss. On May 26, 2010, the FAST issued a proposed ASIA, Accounting for Financial Instruments and Revisions to the Accounting for Derivative Instruments ND Hedging Activities. The comment period ended on September 30, 2010. Lender the proposed ASSAIL, an entity should not apply a probability threshold when determining whether a credit loss exists, That is, in assessing credit impairment, the entity would not wait until a loss is probable before recognizing an impairment loss. Although the entity would not forecast future events or economic conditions that do not exist as of the reporting date in assessing a financial asset for credit impairment, the entity would consider the impact of past events and existing conditions on the current and future collectivity of he cash flows associated with the financial asset, The boards had different objectives for their respective impairment projects. The Abss goal was to ensure that the allowance was sufficient to absorb all expected credit losses, The Saabs goal was to recognize initially expected lifetime credit losses over the life of the asset in accordance with the view that credit loss considerations are a component in the pricing of the asset. In other words, the FAST focused more on the statement of financial position, and the SAAB focused more on earnings. In an effort to converge on improvements to accounting for impairment, on January 1, 2011, the boards proposed a common solution for impairment accounting in the supplementary document (SD) Accounting for Financial Instruments and Revisions to the Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities -? Impairment. The comment period ended on April 1, 2011. Scope The proposals in the SD would apply to (I) loans and debt instruments under LIST. GAP that are managed on an open portfolio basis, provided that they are not measured at fair value With changes in fair value recognized in net income, and (2) financial assets under Fires that are managed on an open-portfolio basis and measured t amortized cost. Good Book Versus Bad Book The SD proposes that, in determining an impairment allowance, an entity differentiate between financial assets managed in a good book and those managed in a bad book, depending on the degree of uncertainty about the collegiality of the cash flows of the financial asset, An asset would be transferred to the bad book when the entire/s screwdrivers management objective changes for that asset from receiving payments from the debtor to recovery of all or a portion of the financial asset. The lifetime expected losses for assets in the good book would be recognized over time, whereas he lifetime expected losses for assets transferred to the bad book would be recognized immediately in profit or loss to the extent that the losses were not already recognized in profit or loss. Impairment -? The Good Book Approach The SD proposes that for financial assets for which it is appropriate to recognize expected credit losses over time (i. E. , the good book), the allowance amount would be determined as the higher of (I) a portion of lifetime expected credit losses determined under a denominational approach and (2) credit losses expected to occur in the foreseeable future (defined in the SD as no less than 2 months after the reporting date). A minimum floor allowance equal to the credit losses expected to occur in the foreseeable future (but no less than 12 months after the reporting date) was included so that a sufficient allowance is recognized for asset classes that experience higher default rates early in the assets life. Impairment -? The Bad Book Approach upon the transfer of an asset from the good book to the bad book, all remaining lifetime expected credit losses would he recognized immediately, Entities that do not manage their credit risk by differentiating assets on the basis of the good book versus bad book arterial outlined in the SD would still be required to differentiate their assets to determine an impairment allowance. Expected Credit Loss Estimates The boards have clarified that the expected credit loss estimate should take into account all intimation available, including internal and external information (e. G. Historical data and current economic conditions as well as reasonable and supportable forec asts of future events and future economic indicators). The estimate of future conditions should be consistent with both currently available information and managements internal forecasts. The estimate of expected credit losses should be updated at least as of each reporting date Entities will need to develop two separate expected-loss estimates: (1) one for the lifetime expected losses under the time-proportional approach and (2) a second for losses expected to occur in the foreseeable future period (at least 12 months after the reporting date) in determining the minimum floor for the allowance under the good book approach. The foreseeable future period is a constant period and would not change from period to period, but it may vary in length among different asset classes depending on he characteristics for each asset class. Next Steps As a result of the general lack Of support for the SD from constituents, in their joint meeting held on May 17-19, 2011 , the boards decided not to pursue the proposed joint impairment approach. The boards will establish a working group consisting of FAST and SAAB members and senior staff to develop a new variation of the proposals. The working group will consider all the feedback received on the original SD proposals of both boards and, after considering various elements of the impairment approaches, will make a recommendation to the boards regarding objectives and baseline models. Case 11-03: Masters of the Universe FIRS Addendum Overview On May 12, 2011 the SAAB issued the following new and amended guidance (the -?package of file) on consolidated financial statements and joint arrangements: ; FIRS 10, which replaces AS 27 and SIC-II ; IVR 12. ; AS 27 (Revised 201 1), which has been amended for the issuance of FIRS 10 but retains the current guidance on separate financial statements. ; AS 28 (Revised 2011), which has been amended for conforming changes on the basis of the issuance of FIRS 10 and FIRS 11. The above package of five now provides the primary source Of IVR guidance for determining when and how to prepare consolidated financial statements. The SAABS Objective in issuing PROS 10 and related guidance was to develop a single source of authoritative guidance on consolidation accounting that focuses on control. FIRS 10 includes a revised definition Of control, including additional application guidance, to make it more comprehensive and to address perceived inconsistencies between AS 27 (which focuses on control) and SIC-12 (which focuses on risks and rewards). FIRS 10 identifies the following three elements of control: ; IP]ewer over the invested. ; [E)exposure, or rights, to variable returns room involvement with the invested. ; [T]he ability to use power over the invested to affect the amount of the investors returns. An investor must possess all three elements to conclude that it controls an invested. The assessment of control is based on all facts and circumstances, and the conclusion is reassessed if there are changes to at least one of the three elements, Under FIRS 10, to have control over an invested, an investor must have not only (1) the power over an invested and exposure or rights to variable returns from its involvement with the invested, but also (2) the ability to use its power over the invested to affect returns from its involvement with the invested. Furthermore, the reporting entity shall conduct the assessment of control I PROS 10 retains AS TTS presumption that an entity that holds more than half of the voting rights in another entity has the power to direct its activities, but it also clarities that a reporting entity can have the power to direct the activities of another entity even if it holds less than half of the voting rights of that entity. This could occur when a reporting entity with less than half of the voting rights nevertheless has more voting rights than any Other party, and those voting sights are sufficient to give the reporting entity the ability to determine the entities strategic operating and financing policies. Joint Control FIRS II defines a joint arrangement as an -?arrangement of which two or more parties have joint control and clarifies that joint control exists only when -?decisions about the relevant activities require the unanimous consent of the parties that control the arrangement collectively.. Note that this concept of joint control includes control by more than two parties, but not when decisions may be reached by more than one combination of those parties. Potential Voting Rights FIRS 10 further requires an investor to also consider potential voting rights held either by itself or by other parties. Paragraph BBS) of FIRS 10 indicates that potential voting rights are considered only when they are substantive and -?alone, or in combination with other rights, can give an investor the current ability to direct the relevant activities, Considerations for this Case Conceptually, the characteristics of a Primary Beneficiary under ACS 810 discussed above and a controlling entity under FIRS 10 are substantially the same, Saturn decision making power with Edgar to the -?design, manufacturing, pricing, sales and distribution of clothing, its equity holdings and the fact that the areas over which it has control are clearly those areas that determine operating performance and, hence, return on investment, would result in its being considered the controlling entity under international standards as well. Current Status of the Consolidations Project -? June 201 1 The consolidations project began as a joint project between the FAST and ASSAI to develop improved, converged consolidation standards that would apply to all entities (i. E. Variable interest entities (VIES), voting interest entities, and investment companies). However, the boards ultimately decided not to converge on all aspects Of this topic, mainly because Of differences Of opinion on -?control with less than a majority of the voting rights and the consideration of -?potential voting rights-II For the SAAB, the project resulted in the issuance of new consolidation guidance in May 2011 (see discussion below and in the beginning of this addendum).

Lioness With Anger Issues Professor Ramos Blog

Lioness With Anger Issues Summer of 2011. All twenty two girls are ready for blood. Well not literally blood, but you know, just the championship title. The girls playing in the first half jog to the field and get in their rightful positions while they wait for the referee. I quickly get down on one knee, silently say a little prayer, and quickly get up stretching my legs and arms one last time. And then, â€Å"BEEP† ! It starts, the opposite team has the ball and I know today is the day I have to score a goal, I need to be known as one of the top dogs of the team. Time goes by and the only thing I’ve done is throw ins and a couple kicks which is no good. Two of my new teammates have already scored and I’m happy but I want that small moment of glory for myself. The whistle gets blown which means that the first forty five minutes have ended. As I make my way onto the sideline I see my dad look at me with a â€Å" Is that really the best you can do on the field?† type of face. I just look down and reach my hand out for my water. I know I could do better but those girls are huge; like seriously, they’re about ‘5,6’, they look like they weigh more than 100lbs., their legs have a ton of well shaped muscles, and they bodyslam us with so much ease. My 12 year old, 65lbs.,’4,8’ self can’t do much against them. But my dad who played soccer for 20 years and almost made it professionally didn’t see that as an excuse. After about 5 minutes we all got back in our positions and we were ready to play again. Time is going by so fast and my teammates are getting ambushed. Luckily they see me and send me the ball. I brought the ball down with my leg and I start running like a madman. I had outrun the defense and I was beyond ready to score. As I paused and pulled my leg back I decided to shoot towards the upper left corner and as I brought my leg forward a force pushed me down to the ground. I looked up to see my opponent smirkin g at me and falsely said, â€Å"oops†. I picked myself up and quickly began to gently twist my ankle to relieve the pain We ended up losing 3-2 which wasn’t so bad for the first day of the tournament but it didn’t matter to me. All I wanted at that point was to get my revenge on that girl for taking my moment of glory and to make my dad proud of his oldest daughter following his athletic footsteps. So this is how I was helped by an opponent and my dad to bring out my â€Å"angrier† side to the game of soccer. The following day I was woken up at 8 in the morning by my dad. When I asked him why he said, â€Å"You look like a stick and if you want to be one of the best then you have to look your best.† He grabbed two squarish bean bags and drove me to the mountains. When we arrived he handed them to me and told me to put them on my feet. Confused I took them and noticed that they were both heavy; after putting them on I couldn’t pick my legs up as much as I wanted to. The 15lbs. weights were dreadful but my dad knew best so I slowly began jogging. And from then on that is how my excessive workouts began. At first my legs felt like noodles but after about 2 months I began to see the difference. My legs began to look buff which made me feel powerful but I was still being pushed down so we took my workouts even further. My dad would grab my boxing bag and he told me to run into it. I hated that workout so much because I couldn’t move my dad, not even an inch away from wher e he stood. But as I kept getting pushed by my dad and my opponents, I felt something bubbling inside me. When my dad came home and rested and a little while later he told me once again to get ready to push the bag. I looked at that bag with tiredness; my arm hurt and I didn’t feel like it would move. And I was right. Defeated, I told my dad that I didn’t want to workout and I went back inside the apartment and began to change for my soccer game later on in the afternoon. I was dreading the game because it was the same team that had the girl who pushed me down and I didn’t want to be humiliated in front of the audience and my team. It was dark and cold later on that day but I enjoyed that feeling. It made me relax for a little before the game started and I hoped that she wouldn’t be on my side. Luck was not on my side but I couldn’t complain so I just began looking towards her direction thinking of how I would be able to avoid her but nothing came to my mind. The lights turn on top of the field and all the girls were ready for the game. It was important for our team to win because we wanted so badly to make it to the finals. Once again all the girls aligned themselves on the fields and we waited for the signal. When the referee blew the whistle we all put our attention towards our rivals. We began pressuring and defending and keeping the ball in our possession as much as we could. Sadly, we weren’t doing as well but our desire kept us pushing. During the game I received the ball but I wasn’t able to give it to another player so I took it by myself. I dodged the midfielder and as I g ot closer to the goal post I noticed my last obstacle: her. The same person who had stolen my moment of glory. I panicked for a moment but then I got the bubbling feeling inside me again; and I looked at her with a sudden anger that I think I might have even snarled at her. I ran towards her and dodged her but she was able to keep up with me. She began pushing me little by little and I could hear her laughing every time I almost lost my balance. Hearing her laugh just pushed me to my limit. I slowed down a bit to be aligned with her and then I started pushing her. Somehow little me began to actually move her away from me. After pushing her she finally fell down and it took me by surprise. I heard my team scream, â€Å"There you go Susy, run, keep running.† Taking the ball up the field felt amazing at the moment; I was smiling like crazy. Unfortunately the whistle blew, indicating that I was outside, but it didn’t matter to me. Jogging back I realized that being angry f or a second helped me bring out my inner strength. Being seen as weak and tiny gave me a sense of aggression that helped me defy my opponents. The game ended with us tying and going into penalty kicks. Our best players went to the middle of the field while the rest of us stayed on the sidelines. Nobody said a word behind us as the girls, one by one would go up to the white circled grass where the ball was placed. Their goalie was able to block 2 of the goals which led to our defeat. Our girls came back to our side, trying not to cry and aligned themselves and we all walked down the mid field shaking the hands of the opponents. Our season had come to an end and even though we received third place, the girls all saw a growth in each and everyone of us. I was proud of the way I could hold my head up high and not cowering away from opponents even with a big difference in height and weight. I continued playing for teams until freshman year of high school. Junior year of high school I moved to a new school where I was able to impress the coaches by getting hit by a ball in the face and getting a bloody nose and still wanting to play. When giving the scrimmage shirts back my new coach asked me, â€Å" How tall are you?†, and I said â€Å" I’m 4’11.† which made him laugh. â€Å" Aren’t you afraid of the other girls? We go up against girls who are about a foot taller than you.† I laughed and shook my head â€Å"Nope I’m not scared of the height difference, that doesn’t make you good at soccer, the skills do,† I said to him. When tryouts ended I was chosen almost automatically. I don’t think I was chosen for being able to score because I never did score but I think my coach saw the potential and the determination I had when it came to every game. Being put against the biggest girls and seeing the way they would look at me was my favorite part because it usually took them by surprise when I was able to take them down so easily. With some girls it took more effort and sometimes I’d be the one that would end up down on the ground. As the season progressed, one of my teammates came up to me and asked, â€Å"Hey Susy, do you have anger issues? I see the way you go crazy whenever they get near you and try to get the ball.† I laughed and told her that I don’t have anger issues but that I out of the blue do get mad whenever they get near me and that became what I was known for. My closest friends and teammates gave me the nickname of â€Å"Leona† which means lioness, for my sudden anger that would take over and for my puffy hair. Growing up as tiny as I was and still am isn’t really fun because I’m always getting asked about it but I don’t mind it as much. When it comes to soccer I realized that the best players aren’t always the ones that are huge giants but the ones that are tiny. We’re super fast, we can dodge people better and we can easily get in front of other players with ease. And even though I’m looked down upon I’ll secretly enjoy it because it’ll just trigger the lioness from her slumber with a desire to feast on her prey.

Writting paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Writting paper - Essay Example It is in this regard that this essay aims to present what the concept of culture is. Further, this paper would delve into the influence of this concept to perceptions of health and illness in the health care profession. Finally, a determination of the importance of understanding culture when planning health care would also be identified. Delaune and Ladner (388) in their book on Fundamentals of Nursing defined culture as â€Å"knowledge, beliefs, behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, habits, customs, languages, symbols, rituals, ceremonies, and practices that are unique to a particular group of people†. Simple folks ordinarily know culture as a way of life. the roles and responsibilities of nursing evolving continuously, a conceptual framework to better understand the effects of cultures on health care was developed by Dr. Madeleine Leininger in her transcultural nursing theory. Dr. Leininger stated Culturally competent care can only occur when culture care values are known and serve as the foundation for meaningful care.† The assumptions incorporated in this theory are: (1) every culture has some kind of system for health care that is based on values and behavior of people; and (2) cultures have certain methods for providing health care often unknown to nurses from other cultures. (Delaune and Ladner 403) The relevance of understanding the concept of diversity in culture is of utmost importance to the nursing profession due to the different profiles of patients they administer health care to. Profiles of patients are incorporated in the culture of their specific countries. Their expectations to the delivery of patient care also depend on the orientations they are accustomed to in their respective countries. Delaune and Ladner (389) presented distinct characteristics of culture which exist among cultural groups and among individuals within a single culture, to wit: (1) culture is learned and taught; (2) culture is

Discussion 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Discussion 1 - Essay Example These are the components that make up the content of art piece. Therefore, content can then be defined as the significance of the art components in a visual rendering. Clear examples of these definitions can be seen in the Catalonia painting collection of Rebecca Crowell which clearly depicts the strong formation of the painting and the content that comes to the fore once the brain has had time to absorb the lines, drawings, and scratches that make up the content of her colorful art work. The relationship between the content and form of the painting is what our eyes see as art. These two components combine to create a thought process in our minds pertaining to the overall effect of the visual qualities as seen in the painting. The two cannot be separated because the form of the painting is what we see while the content is the meaning of what we see as interpreted by our minds. Although the message of a painting in terms of content and form are believed to be timeless, the interpretation of the viewer tends to change over the years. This can be attributed to the fact that people learn more about the background and influences of the artist and his state of mind at the time the painting was created, thus changing any interpretation or understanding that future generations may have about the art work. However the original interpretation shall always stand the test of time as the baseline interpretation of an artists work. Your definition pertaining to content and form is certainly succinct. It is a clear definition that can easily be understood by any lay reader. However, I beg to differ with you in terms of your view that whenever form changes, content changes as well. There have been other painters such as the Kleophon Painter who painted the same content in various forms throughout time. He painted many Red Figure Attic vases while sticking to specific genres. These themes included, Greek mythology, domestic themes, and paintings of warriors. Although he

Language and News discourse of Turkish Radio and Television(TRT) Research Paper

Language and News discourse of Turkish Radio and Television(TRT) - Research Paper Example They include, TRT 1 (general), TRT 2 (culture and art) and TRT 3 (youth channel with sports and music programs and live broadcasts from the Turkish National Grand Assembly at definite hours). All together the paper focuses on the television news power discourse that is state-owned, significantly presenting an essentialist image of identity which does not echo the complexity of the members of the public it claims to describe. This research addresses the power of the media, through a number of practices in the selected 3 recent television news broadcast in TRT which clearly shows that TRT is not an objective television, it is serving for the power not public, not free from bias. This is for the purposes of expanding the boundaries for enclosure of the members of the public. Introduction In the present day, there is need to gather, formulate information on the regulation, ownership, accessibility, performance in addition to projections for creating broadcast amendments. The significant factor for undertaking this research is to contribute to the Turkish consolidation. Many nations have made significant achievements in creating democratic systems of governance based on popular control of the media and whereby members of the public are provided with information without bias. ... Such amendments arise from developing global standards on the subject of media and news media particularly. In its straightforward definition of public broadcasting service is a broadcaster that provides services to the members of the public entirely and is responsible to the members of the public in general. In spite of that, in most scenarios the term public broadcaster is in actual fact regarded as a state broadcaster. This research targets to enable the process of giving support to turning of TRT (Turkish Radyo and Television) into public broadcasters worthy of the name. The research on Language and News discourse of Turkish Radio and Television (TRT) begins from the hypothesis that growth and democracy cannot succeed devoid of open and free public space where all factors concerning lives of the members of an audience can be made public and debated. This means that the members of the public can get a chance to play a role in making decisions in the society and the country at larg e via TRT. According to Amartya Sen, a Nobel Prize Laureate, democracy is â€Å"governance by dialogue†. Sen describes democracy as implemented by the media as governing by means of dialogue where broadcasters are ideally placed to make this dialogue process possible by offering the space for it. This is based on whether their services are available, self-regulating, and reliable and open to the complete range of varying views (Hampton & Roemer, 21). Subsequent to this hypothesis, the significant goal of this research is to find out whether and to what extent news broadcasting on TRT can and do create this kind of free public space with distinctive focus given to the selected 3 recent

Fully Understanding The Arian Controversy Religion Essay

Fully Understanding The Arian Controversy Religion Essay The church has battled throughout its history with various Heresies and controversies, which in essence have partly defined the path that the church has taken. A perfect example is Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria and his bold stand against Arianism. Without which todays orthodox faith may have drifted into paganism and found itself more of a philosophy than a life saving religion The message of salvation was on the line. The Arians believed that Jesus was not God, but instead a created being, where Athanasius knew that for salvation to be realised, Jesus must be both fully God and fully human, of the same substance as God, and always being, not created. The importance of this stance could not be overstated as it would affect all aspects of Christian belief and society. Athanasius stand cost him dearly spending many years in exile on 5 different occasions, but his determination to stand for what he believed was absolute truth eventually triumphed. His stand maintained the church as an instrument of salvation, separate from the control of secular power. It is through the example of Athanasius life and costly fight for truth that we learn the importance of identifying todays critical issues and standing firm in this present difficult age. Introduction To fully understand the Arian Controversy and the depth of involvement for Athanasius, the Bishop of Alexandria  [1]  , one only has to follow his life story, as the history of the Arian Controversy is entwined throughout it.  [2]  The life of Athanasius is so dominated by the combat of this heresy, that the rise and fall of the Arian Controversy was a reflection of the life and security of this theological giant. In this essay the Author shall attempt to examine the relationship between Athanasius and his passionate fight against the Arian heresy. In so doing one must firstly understand the Controversy, secondly have knowledge of the Key players, and what they so passionately believed and fought for, and finally to consider how learnings from these past battles can be applied today. Section1: The Arian Controversy The Arian Controversy was birthed through a man named Arius (250  [3]  -336AD)  [4]  born in Libya.  [5]  A very popular and prestigious presbyter of the Baucalis Church,  [6]  in the city of Alexandria.  [7]  Arius intention was to protect the status of a unique God, the only being to have always been and neither has another ever existed with the same standing nor made of the same matter.  [8]  However the controversy finds an earlier conception through Origen,  [9]  probably the greatest Christian theologian of the early church.  [10]   Origens understanding of the Trinity was three distinct beings firmly united into one, God the Creator of all, the eternal Son Christ and the Holy Spirit. However it was his comments regarding the subordination of both Christ  [11]  and the Holy Spirit to the Father, which influenced some of those who followed him to accept subordinationism  [12]  and finally Arianism. This belief along with a number of other popular heresies and schisms built a foundation and lead into to what is now known as the Arian controversy. Around the year 318AD  [13]  Arius began to spread his views on the relationship between God and Christ,  [14]  one being the uncreated Father without a beginning, who bore a Son with a beginning.  [15]  The Word (Logos) became flesh as the man Jesus Christ (John 1:14), but Arius argued, He was not made of the same nature nor substance as God the Father, neither eternal nor omnipotent, and therefore was a lesser being.  [16]  In Arius appeal to the highly influential Eusebius, the bishop at Nicomedia  [17]  he wrote The Son has a beginning, but God is without beginning.  [18]  Arius postulated that Jesus Christ was a created Being, the first and the greatest ever created,  [19]  but still only a form of creation, not the Creator.  [20]  This is further seen in a common phrase that would eventually become the Arian motto, There was, when He was not At this time (early in the fourth century) in church history, the theorys and ideas surrounding the divinity of Christ were still up in the air so to speak, and the church had no set way to officialise doctrine or determine what was an acceptable belief.  [21]  So it was, when Alexander the bishop of Alexandria clashed over several issues with Arius, the most important being whether the Word of God, was co-eternal with God.  [22]   In 320AD Alexander took decisive action, clearly declaring his belief in the Sons, being consubstantial and coeternal with the Father,  [23]  following which he brought together a council of local bishops, condemning the views of Arius  [24]  and deposing him in 321AD.  [25]  Arius, appealed both to the local populace and some prominent bishops  [26]  from the eastern side of the empire,  [27]  who in turn supported him. Arius return to Alexandria,  [28]  resulted in demonstrations and riots in the streets,  [29]  further threatening a division of the entire eastern church,  [30]  causing Constantine; the first fully attested Christian Emperor,  [31]  to intervene. In 325AD  [32]  , Constantine called the first Ecumenical (Universal or worldwide) Council in Nicea  [33]  to settle the matter of the Arian Debate.  [34]  This historic meeting not only had the Emperor Constantine present but it is also claimed in ancient chronicles that 318 bishops  [35]  were also in attendance.  [36]  The Arian party was led by Eusebius of Nicomedia  [37]  and the opposition was headed by Alexander bishop of Alexandria notably supported by a young deacon named Athanasius  [38]  his eventual successor and champion of Nicene orthodoxy.  [39]   The Arian debate was distilled to the addition or subtraction of one iota. Was Christ Homousios (i.e. of the same essence as God) or the Arian stand Homoiousios (i.e. of similar essence with God)?  [40]  In what has been described as a decision of immeasurable importance in the history of the church,  [41]  Arianism was rejected,  [42]  in the clearest way possible,  [43]  and after debate, the condemnation of Arius pronounced by the bishop Alexandria was upheld,  [44]  resulting in Arius being anathematized and banished with two companions to Illyria.  [45]  Furthermore for clarity of belief, and complete rejection of Arianism, it was decided that a common creed needed to be developed and unanimously agreed upon.  [46]  Eusebius of Caesarea presented his own creed,  [47]  which was adopted with some changes strengthening the rejection of the Arianism heresies.  [48]  This creed known as the Creed of Nicaea  [49]  became the basis of the Nicene Creed still used in todays churches.  [50]   This should have ended the Arian controversy but it soon reappeared with the emperor ordering the church to reverse Arius condemnation, and readmit him. This introduced a new church issue, the interference of the state (emperor) in church affairs. Instead of persecution, the church had to deal with instruction from a secular authority. We also start to see the true grit of Athanasius, and his willingness to stand for truth despite the negative consequences to his own life. Section 2: Athanasius, The Black Dwarf Champion of Nicene Orthodoxy. Athanasius (296 373 AD),  [51]  seemed to be a man surrounded by controversy. In his time as archbishop of Alexandria,  [52]  he was exiled no less than five times. His controversial standing centred around his use of Episcopal authority,  [53]  as well as the famous alleged assassination of a fellow bishop of a rival group  [54]  which was dramatically found to be false.  [55]  It was Athanasius lot, that his fortunes would ride the waves of rejection and popularity of the cause (The Arian controversy) he so diligently fought against throughout his life. His stance against the heresy that plagued his defence of Christianity fashioned his life. He is credited in history  [56]  as one who stood alone for the truth, against the forces of heresy,  [57]  and is to have stated his famous defiance, Athanasius Against the World.  [58]   Athanasius who was noted as being so dark and short of stature, was known to his enemies as The Black Dwarf,  [59]  the man seen above all others as being opposed to Arianism and to be feared the most.  [60]  He was also known as the champion of Nicene orthodoxy, seen as one of the great fathers of the fourth century,  [61]  and is also credited as one of the most renown theologians of the early church,  [62]  amongst other greats such as Clement and Origen.  [63]   Three key issues of concern for Athanasius were within the religious, social, and political realms. His gravest concern was the Arian core argument regarding the full deity of Jesus Christ and the theology of the Trinity. Athanasius stance on the trinity, was deeply rooted upon his beliefs on creation and salvation, effectively focusing debate on a biblical and theological basis steering it away from philosophical speculation.  [64]  In the Arian debate, Athanasius could clearly see that Christianity was at the brink of becoming a form of paganism.  [65]  If Jesus was not declared Homousios, then Christianity would have worshiped two Gods, and Jesus would not have been a worthy sacrifice for our sins.  [66]  Athanasius saw Salvation was on the line,  [67]  Jesus needed to be both fully human to atone for the sin of man, and fully divine, as none other could have the power to save humanity. This duel nature of Christ was paramount, as without it the Salvation of humani ty would be impossible.  [68]   The second major issue was in the realm of politics. At this time Christianity had just emerged from a period of major persecution by the secular powers  [69]  to a time in which it was the dominant religion. However, Christianity had in reality moved from secular persecution to secular control by the Emperor  [70]  of the day.  [71]  The Arian controversy was a great example of a shift in foci with Athanasius now finding himself opposing the Emperor over religious issues. This resulted in five periods of exile and reinstatement,  [72]  based on either a change in emperor or the clichà © closet to the emperor at the time.  [73]  Subsequently the church found its role degraded away from its real role of pointing mankind to salvation in Christ, rather becoming a tool of the emperor used to achieve his own ends. Consequently, church issues and doctrines were not being decided by the religious elite debating each issue, instead key decisions (e.g. Arian controversy) were made by secular rulers under petition.  [74]  Furthermore, church decisions were subject to being over ruled by the state to suit the whims of the emperor.  [75]  Throughout this period Athanasius established and fought for the principle of church separation from the state, retaining the churchs focus and mission on the good news of Christ. The third issue faced by Athanasius was in the social sphere This arose through the emperor Constantines legitimate concerns with the volatility of the Arian dispute, its magnitude and potential to tear apart the entire eastern church.  [76]  Constantine recognised the importance and role of a united church holding together the fabric of a decaying Roman society. This was his hope and means of ensuring Romes survival, but a divided and embittered church would seal the fate of weary empire.  [77]  So it was that Constantine called together the first worldwide assembly of Christian bishops to deal with these issues amongst other things.  [78]  His stance regarding the social impact of a divided church was clear as he addressed the bishops before the council stating Division in the church was worse than war.  [79]   Athanasius refused to condone violence to achieve his goals. This was shown during a confrontation with rival bishop Gregory which escalated into violence. Athanasius response was to remove himself from the city in order to avoid further bloodshed.  [80]  Athanasius pastoral heart recognised the danger Arianism would bring to society, and that those who opposed Arianism would once again face persecution,  [81]  (only this time it would come from within). Athanasius also realised that Christianitys endpoint under Arianism was paganism leading to the demise of both social and moral standards as the Christian faith decayed to the depth of other pagan religions.  [82]   Section 3: Applying these lessons in todays society The issues which arose in Athanasius day are seen again today, challenging Christians across all nations to varying degrees. The three main areas of conflict faced by Athanasius and Christians today, are as follows. The first issue Christians face today is that of religious heresy. The many denominations now found under the Protestant banner demonstrates the splintering of the church into multiple denominations, further giving rise to cults barely related to the original Christian message.  [83]  Even the Arian controversy itself has re-surfaced in a modified form with the emergence of the Jehovah Witnesses.  [84]  One learns from Athanasius that even with insurmountable odds, someone must stand in the gap for truth, despite the cost it may have on your very being. Athanasius showed that one must persist until the end, to not only ensure truth is victorious, but that unity of the body of Christ is achieved. Looking at Athanasius stand, it is observed that he never gave up on the church body, despite overwhelming odds opposing him. Athanasius worked within the existing church structure, resisting the temptation to start his own religious theological group. This resulted in the survival of the ancient church, giving Christians of this present day a functional theological base to build upon. Todays second issue encompasses the relationship between church and state. This battle is being played out across the world. Christians in many western countries have formed specifically Christian political parties,  [85]  based upon the Christian stance and influencing government policy where possible.  [86]  Globally we see countries like Communist China and the old Russia where the government took an active role in trying to discredit and eliminate religion  [87]  through persecution and unjust laws. Unable to defeat the church of Christ some adopted a policy of offering religious freedom with harsh restrictions under the tight control of the government.  [88]  We learn through Athanasius trials, the dangers of mixing politics and religion, with the corruption and misuse of the church which can come from such a union. Today we face the seeds of secular intervention in Christian belief and activity with Australias recent discrimination and vilification laws having t he potential to silence the church. The final lesson deals with the society or community in which Christians live. Constantine saw that the unity of the Christians could hold the fabric of the Roman Empire together, and Christians may exert a similar influence today. The gradual decay of present society towards a collapse in its social moral character is evident with the increasing occurrence of problematic behaviours (in societal terms) such as abortion, child and spousal abuse, and euthanasia (in some western countries). From a Christian stance, moral indicators such as divorce, suicide and problem pregnancies are also increasing in frequency. Some indicators show a decreasing difference between secular society and the Christian community as Christian beliefs are influenced and eroded. The past reveals that to avert social disaster, Christians need to be unified, offering stable standards and clear beliefs tempered with peace, hope and love to the communities and nations in which they live: Offering Christ as the rea l alternative to modern paganism. Athanasius demonstrates that the church must get back to its roots and be a vessel of good news, offering Salvation to mankind. Conclusion The church would do well to look back on the life of Athanasius and learn from the lessons that this great man of God teaches. Although the works of Athanasius hold an important place in the history of Christianity, it is more the Life and stance of Athanasius which speaks volumes to Christians throughout the ages. It was Athanasius tireless and fearless stand against the Arianism which earned him the title Champion of Nicene orthodoxy. Against seemingly insurmountable odds, Athanasius opposed heretical change, battling both the hierarchy of church and state. The tenacity and vision of one man, refusing to recant his theological stance on Christs deity and the role of the church, established and impacted the churchs direction to this day. In most Western countries the protestant church is independent of the states influence  [89]  with a primary focus stayed true around the message of Christ bringing salvation through his deity and subsequent efficacy of his substitutionary sacrifice.

Effective Communication :: essays research papers

Effective communication is vital in teaching. Fento standards encourage teachers to â€Å"select and organise relevant information clearly and concisely†¦ present information to learners clearly and in an appropriate format†¦Use a range of communication skills and methods appropriate to specific learners and to the subject being studied. (www.fento.org) The necessary information that we as practitioners are trying to impart to our learners needs to be transmitted in such a way as to eliminate as many barriers or elements of interference as possible. However there can be numerous factors which hinder the message that we are trying to convey. This is concisely encapsulated by Petty â€Å"The â€Å"check and correct† phase also provides vital feedback for the teacher. Is learning taking place? Am I teaching too quickly? Are they doing it properly? The importance of this feedback cannot be over-stressed.† (Page 30) Petty here was recognising that a common barrier to learning is that the receiver may interpret the message that we send in their own way, according to their common frames of reference, which may be different from ours as the sender. An easy trap for us as practitioners to fall in is the use of â€Å"jargon†. There may be terms or words that we may use regularly and are comfortable using, however, some of our learners may not have experienced or even understand these terms. To help to minimise this confusion Reece and Walker suggest that â€Å"Non verbal signals – or even verbal signals, from the students should give us valuable feedback on the quality of communications.† (Page 271) Therefore we as practitioners must be vigilant in recognising the subtle or even not so subtle feedback on whether the information that we have imparted to the learners has been received in the context that it was sent. This may even include a question and answer session to determine understanding. The effective design and use of conventional and ICT learning materials. The availability of new types of resources and new types of interaction can satisfy different learning preferences and present alternative ways of accessing the same information. Reece and Walker (page 181) â€Å"A good aid is one which does a particular job to assist in the learning of a particular topic for a particular group of learners. But all learners are different. So, what works for one group does not necessarily work with another.† Therefore, we must continue to evaluate any resources that we may design and create that it is appropriate for the purpose, each student’s learning style, ability and understanding.

With Detailed Analysis of the Return of the Soldier

Victorian literature superficial beauty is disapproved of, in this case Kitty; who represents the order of pre-war Edwardian England, an order destroyed by the war in the excuse of Chris' illness. West swiftly moves the novel along as Chris slowly retrieves his memory; Kitty Is a very devoted wife who when realizing that Chris has forgotten her and is yearning another, she in turn feels empowered which makes him feel conflicted and confused. He finds comfort and confides in his cousin Jenny who is the first person narrator.HIS shell-shock caused him to go fifteen years back In his memory, and to vive In a time where he was most content and In love with Margaret -? his ex love. It seems that as he retrieves his memory and the more he remembers, the more difficult it becomes for Kitty. The characteristics of shell shock prove it difficult for Margaret, Kitty, and Jenny to come to terms with. West's portrayal of all three women is first person, as West writes of the relationship between Jenny (West herself), Kitty- the wife of Jenny's cousin Chris, and Margaret, who was the love of Chris' life before he went to war.Jenny is portrayed in the novel as being quite poetic, In the sense that she's very aware of her own environment and tauter as references are frequently used such as â€Å"in the old days a fat fist would certainly have been raised to point out the new translucent glories of the rose- buds† (P. II). From Jenny's descriptive interpretations, such as this, it appears as though everything In her life is beautiful. However, as the novel develops we notice that these observations can also be quite dark. As with â€Å"because a lost Zeppelin sometimes clanks like a skeleton across the sky above us† (P. 5) and again with â€Å"All the inhabitants of this new tract of time were his enemies, all its circumstances his prison bars. † (P. 62). It can be said Jenny's prose was reflective of particular moods she was In during the course of the no vel. Jenny Is presented as kind, caring, shrewd and quietly observant, yet wary, perhaps justifiably. Jenny sits in a quandary between FIFO near emotions toward K Ana Margaret. Consequently, seen Tints It problematic Ana resorts to oxymoron's, such as â€Å"He wore a dreadful decent smile† (P. 187) referring to Chris when Margaret presents him with some of his son's belongings.In conclusion to the analysis of Jenny, she is the person in an awkward situation whereby she feels duty-bound to maintain the status-quo between the other parties. In other words, all she really wants is for everyone else to be happy regardless of her own feelings. Jenny as the narrator could be described as the keeper of everyone else's secrets, the trustworthy and dependable character whom people could confide in. Kitty is the second woman in the novel who has a completely different character. Although she doesn't come across as vain, Jenny never ceases to describe Kitty's beauty and appearance.Jenny doesn't fully describe her own true feelings about Kitty which makes it difficult for the reader to fully analyses Kitty's character. Early in Chapter One we are shown how Jenny portrays Kitty and how Jenny is treated by Kitty. It is apparent that Kitty is often quite demanding of Jenny, for example, â€Å"Come here, Jenny. I'm going to dry my hair† (P. 1 1), and on passing Jenny a tortoise-shell hairbrush, â€Å"Give it a brush now and then like a good soul. But be careful. Tortoise snaps so† (P. 12). Kitty almost treats Jenny like a servant, and Jenny is always accommodating.There is no reference made to Kitty ever having done any work, although West makes a strong point about Chris' father having acquired Baldly Court ND after his death Jenny informs us that Chris had Baldly Court re-built. Chris was more than financially capable of managing the property. Throughout the novel Kitty is portrayed by Jenny as being rather selfish, conceited, self-absorbed and contempt uous of the lower classes, which comes to the reader's attention when Kitty encounters Margaret. Jenny herself first Judges Margaret by her appearance â€Å"Her body was long and round and shapely' (P. 5) and â€Å"She was repulsively furred with neglect and poverty, as even a good glove that has dropped down behind a bed in a hotel and has lain undisturbed for a day or two† (P. 5) this represents the class difference but it seems it was Kitty's influence on Jenny's attitude that shaped Jenny's opinion of Margaret at first glance. It's apparent that Kitty is very superficial. Essentially Kitty couldn't understand for the life of her why Chris would want to be with Margaret when such a pretty woman like herself was available for him.The era has a lot to do with the novel, with regard to social status which was very prevalent at the time; a way in which social class is explored in the novel is through Margaret. Even though Margaret is first portrayed as a beggar in the novel i nstead of a sincere Oman with moral principles, Jenny assumed she was groveling and says â€Å"in which this woman butted like a clumsy animal at a gate she was not intelligent enough to open† (P. 31) here Margaret is compared to a dog, useless and inept.Again we see an example of Kitty's attitude towards who she considers to be of lower order where she says Mimi have read in the Harrow Observer or somewhere that my husband is at the front, and you have come to tell this story because you think that you will get some money. Vive read of such cases in the papers. † (P. 33) consequently as a result of Kitty attitude, Jenny felt as indifferent towards Margaret as Kitty did. Margarita's overall demeanor is one of a person who is polite, well-mannered, intelligent, caring, considerate and genuine.As we know Margaret is married as with â€Å"l suppose I ought to say that he isn't right in his head and I'm married-but Oh! † (P. 95). As the novel develops we can see Tana t Margaret Is ten savior AT snarls Ana Trot ten Sleekness AT her heart goes out of her way to be of assistance in his recovery. The class difference is highlighted indirectly when Margaret says cried Margaret, glowing. â€Å"She just have a lovely nature† (P. 96) she had no malice towards Kitty even after Kitty treated her no differently to one of her servants in Baldly Court, and this in effect shows Margarita's sincere nature.Although all three women struggle to understand Chris' predicament, Kitty was proven to be everything the reader interprets her to be, pompous with delusions of grandeur. Conversely, Jenny is the third party balancing between her cousin's wife and his ex lover who innocently sets out to please everyone. Margaret inevitably is concerned for Chris' health and recovery, and is the mediator at the end who suggests presenting Chris with belongings of his dead son, having lost a son herself of the same age as Oliver.Kitty's negative attitude persists through the novel but doesn't affect Margaret. When the items of Chris' dead son are shown to him by Margaret, his distant and cloudy outcome that has been created from his experiences of war suddenly disappear and he is â€Å"cured† of his amnesia and he returns to reality. Along with his recovered memory he puts Margaret in his past and now remembers Kitty as his wife so in turn the emotional interactions of characters in the story change. The irony is that all three women lost a person that they each Ovid in different ways.Keith Douglas Unary 24, 1920 – June 9, 1944), was an English poet who is known for his war poetry during World War II. Undeniably after reading The Complete Poems I get the impression that he has a negative attitude towards women. Additionally from researching his early days it is apparent that his mother struggled financially, and there is no mention of his father. I personally think that after reading about his ex partner Whinnying who refused to take his hand in marriage, and his failed relationship with Millennia Guttered Penny, may well have distorted his view of women which is sometimes reflected in his poetry.A reference to this assumption can be found in the poem ‘Cairo Jag' whereby Douglas is in a brothel and the poem opens with the line, â€Å"Shall I get drunk or cut myself a piece of cake†. His use of the term â€Å"piece of cake† in reference to the prostitutes around him adds to his obvious misogyny. He seems to suggest that women are deluded in thinking they are something they're not and uses very negative language towards them such as the women he sees on the streets of Cairo, â€Å"The women offering their children brown- paper breasts dry and twisted, elongated like the skull, Holiness's signature.At this point the poem sounds more like a rant, as if Douglas is disgusted rather than sympathetic for these women in such a state of poverty. The portrayal of women or in this case â€Å"woman† in an Egyptian Tea Garden, firstly she is seen as a fish. It is said the fish represents Christianity, and that different fish symbolism different things, but the fish in general holds a range of different symbolic meanings including femininity, eternity, happiness, creativity and knowledge. This is the essence of the poem; the fish is how the woman is presented. The poem is about a Dialectal woman Ana near power to seduce Ana annulated men AT any age.Douglas appears to be trying to demonstrate that woman have power too; The author uses metaphors and similes by comparing the woman â€Å"as a white stone† which represents purity, and men as fish â€Å"A cotton magnate/†¦ A crustacean† to show how man's behavior is like that of any other animal species or as conventional as fish. The poem could be arranged into four segments. The first stanza introduces the â€Å"sly' woman and her purposeful position as â€Å"she draws down the fish†. Douglas describes t he woman moving along into section two it is clear that it describes the witnesses which are men, and section three discloses which man she picks.The first section of the poem has a reasonably gentle tone which is maintained through the whole poem, describing a very beautiful woman. The second stanza introduces the second speaker of the poem which is the most â€Å"important fish†. Part two is sarcastic but natural, mixing the duties of the male with oceanic life. The third stanza introduces the men who gaze on the woman's beauty. It has a very strong, bitter undertone. It shows the woman is concerned with the wealth of the man she chooses rather than is beauty or personal qualities.The fourth stanza switches back to the original speaker of the poem and concludes the woman's choice to which one of the men she chooses or does not choose. The manner of the poem varies in the different sections and begins with a most intriguing title- â€Å"Behavior of Fish in an Egyptian Tea-G arden† which sounds somewhat like a documentary and quite disconnected, dry, cold and formal. The tone of the poem is interesting throughout, Douglas uses soft and delicate language in the first section, it consists of seven stanzas of four lines each.

Aristotles Concept of Ethical Responsibility

Aristotles Concept of Ethical Responsibility Free Online Research Papers The question of individual responsibility, in my opinion, is the most important in the field of ethics. Coming to an adequate understanding of human potential and limitation in forming the best life possible has been a prime question of the philosopher for ages, as it pertains to so many other forms of inquiry i.e. education, political formation, social justice, and knowledge. Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics is a work that delves into the problem of responsibility and attempts to provide an adequate outline for the development of the best human individual in relation with the best society in nature. Although his account of the topic is very brief in the Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle gives an intelligible and valuable justification for voluntariness or free will via the notions praise and blame. As these notions are unintelligible without reference to freedom, Aristotle must explain for what we are properly praised and blamed, i.e. for what we are properly called responsible. Given his conceptualization of the conditions of virtuous action in relation to character and intelligence and the human’s responsibility for virtue, Aristotle stops the force of environment and other factors, and the extent of pardonable ignorance, in the proper place so that human freedom in decision making remains intact. Whether, as one may object, Aristotle gives significant weight to the notions of praise and blame arbitrarily so as not to fall into determinism will be considered with reference to his defense of responsibility of character and the possibility of becoming virtuous and maintaining virtue. To properly understand Aristotle’s view of responsibility it is necessary to understand what actions and character states are worthy of praise or blame, and which are worthy of pardon or pity. In book three of the Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle provides an outline for the responsibility of human action through his notion of voluntary and involuntary action. In chapter one of book three a criteria is provided to understand the nature of each designation, as translated by Irwin, Aristotle says, â€Å"Virtue, then is about feelings and actions. These receive praise or blame if they are voluntary, but pardon, sometimes even pity, if they are involuntary† (Aristotle, 1109b). What Aristotle means is that if an action can receive praise it can also receive blame, thus the individual has a choice to do a praise or blameworthy action. The next question considered is how Aristotle delineates the difference between a voluntary and involuntary action? He continues with book three to give a description of the difference between a voluntary and involuntary action. In Ostwald’s translation of the Nicomachean Ethics Aristotle states, â€Å"It is of course generally recognized that actions done under constraint or due to ignorance are involuntary. An act is done under constraint when the initiative or source of motion comes from without† (1110a). Further provided is an example of a man being blown away by wind as a case where external force or principle could cause an individual to do an involuntary action (Ostwald, 1110a). This notion of external principle seems simple enough, but Aristotle recognizes how an ambiguous situation could arise in the form of a mixed action. He posits an example, â€Å"Suppose for instance a tyrant tells you to do something shameful, when he has control over your parents and children, and if you do it, but if you don’t they die. These cases raise dispute about whether they are voluntary or involuntary (Irwin, 1110a). A mixed action is a situation where a person is under duress and has little time to decide what to do, or has to decide between two bad options. Aristotle leans toward the fact that an action like the tyrant anecdote is more of a voluntary action because the principle of bodily movement lies within the individual. Irwin provides an interpretation that goes as such, â€Å"Actions under duress are mixed, since they have some voluntary and involuntary aspects. But, taken as a whole, they are voluntary, since their principle of action is within the agent† (Irwin, 202). Mixed action should be understood in terms of degree. Not all circumstances in life will provide one with the best option. Aristotle draws a line at individual movement, in order for the individual to take control of what she can; even if life throws her a â€Å"catch 22†, because these situations do not happen very often in people’s lives. That is why Aristotle establishes a degree of voluntariness in mixed actions to include ambiguous circumstances that could occur. There is a wider scale of responsibility that Aristotle establishes which will be declared later. Aristotle posits that the other form of involuntary action is ignorance. â€Å"Everything caused by ignorance is nonvoluntary, but what is involuntary involves pain and regret† (1110b). An ignorant action is when a person acts with knowledge of the universal but ignorance of a particular. Ostwald illuminates this point with a syllogism, â€Å"Reasoning on matters of conduct involves two premises, one major and one minor. The major premise is always universal, e.g. â€Å"to remove by stealth another person’s property is stealing,† â€Å"Jerry took the horse but did not know it belonged to another† (Ostwald, 55). Therefore; Jerry acted out of ignorance of the particular, which is pardonable according to Aristotle if he expresses guilt about the situation. An interesting question arises: why must Jerry feel regret in order for his action to be considered involuntary as opposed to nonvoluntary? Aristotle answers, â€Å"Everything caused by ignorance is nonvoluntary, but what is involuntary involves pain and regret. For if someone’s action was caused by ignorance, but he now has no objection to the action, he has done it neither willingly, since he did not know what it was, nor unwillingly, since he feels no pain† (Irwin, 1110b). Irwin provides a key interpretation of this passage, â€Å"The distinction between the nonvoluntary and the involuntary is irrelevant to the agent’s relation to his action; for in either case he is not responsible for it. But it is relevant to his character. If he is pleased at something he has done because of ignorance, he shows what sorts of actions he is willing and prepared to do, and is rightly blamed or praised for his attitude to these actions. This passage is one that shows that Aristotle is concerned with more than responsibility for actions† (203). Aristotle’s assessment for the wider range of responsibility is achieved by character formation through one’s virtuous activity and intention to constantly mold one’s character towards a virtuous state. It is shown, with his types of involuntariness, that there are situations that one can engage which reduce the individual’s freedom, but does not outright destroy it. Aristotle is providing a realistic outlook for freedom and responsibility. Aristotle recognizes man’s limitations through two forms of pardon. First, involuntariness by force recognizes the limits of the human body in the face of nature. Second, involuntariness caused by ignorance recognizes the limits of human knowledge to see all particular circumstances. In light of these presuppositions; it becomes clear that Aristotle is placing extra significance on personal responsibility in order to maintain an appropriate state and this is character virtue. Man is able to maintain freedom through the development of his character even if circumstance brings ill fortune. With terms of the nature of an involuntary action defined the notion of voluntary action is illuminated. A voluntary action is one in which the person acts with freedom of bodily movement with knowledge of a particular in relation to the universal. The universal includes both moral action and intention for virtuous character. Says Aristotle, â€Å"Hence virtue is also up to us, and so also, is vice. For when acting is up to us; so is not acting, and when no is up to us, not acting, when it is shameful, is also up to us; and if not acting, when it is fine, is up to us, then acting, when it is shameful is up to us. But if doing, and likewise not doing, fine or shameful actions is up to us, and if, as we say, doing or not doing them is what it is to be a good or bad person, being decent or base is up to us† (Irwin, 1113b). Now with an understanding of Aristotle’s concepts of voluntary and involuntariness I will provide my own example and use his method to discern where the scope of responsibility can be applied. I will also introduce Aristotle’s concept of justice as a type of virtue in order to properly elucidate the degree to which responsibility lies. In Venice, California skateboarding is incredibly popular, as well as, numerous other outdoor activities since the climate there is pristine. This area supports flocks of people who make up a bustling area of outdoor vendors, recreational athletes, and homeless wonderers, and a pantheon of other walks of life. One particular Venetian past time is roller skiing. Roller skiing involves riding on a skateboard while being pulled by a dog, most usually a pit bull. A dog is harnessed and it takes the skateboarder on a wild ride dodging in and out of traffic, vendors, and benches. One day a friend of mine, while visiting Venice, witnessed one of these roller skier’s dog crash into a man with a shopping cart full of products that were intended to be sold on the beach. The man was not injured, but some of his products were damaged during the crash. Now where does the responsibility fall in this particular case for the man’s damaged goods? At first glance of the case you see that the dog was outside the skater’s principle of action. Also, the skateboarder did not have knowledge of the particular for he did not know that the vendor would cross his path during the ride. It would seem that according to Aristotle’s delineations of involuntariness the skater would escape responsibility for the crash and not have to repay the man, but that is not the right judgment. The skater is still responsible for the virtue of his character, and the most important and difficult of all the virtues is justice, because it relates to others. Aristotle says, â€Å"Moreover, justice is complete virtue to the highest degree because it is the complete exercise of complete virtue. And it is the complete exercise because the person who has justice is able to exercise virtue in relation to another, not only in what concerns himself; for many are able to exercise virtue in their own concerns, but unable in what relates to another† (Irwin, 1130a). Would it degrade the skater’s character to not offer compensation for the vendor’s damaged goods? I believe that Aristotle would think so because the vendor put himself in a situation where it was a good possibility that his dog would run into another person. Aristotle says, â€Å"There also seems to be a difference between actions due to ignorance and acting in ignorance. A man’s action is not considered to be due to ignorance when he is drunk or angry, but due to intoxication and anger, although he does not know what he is doing and is in fact acting in ignorance† (Ostwald, 1110b). Provided with an Aristotelian prospective a judgment can be made on the roller skier’s involvement in the action. He cannot be pardoned for the action of his dog running into the vendor because he created the circumstance for which the incident happened. He acted in ignorance of where the dog would run, and is responsible for knowing that the dog could hit an innocent bystander. Because of this, and for the interest of the skater’s character virtue, it would be just of him to compensate the vendor for the damaged goods. As stated before, character is the fundamental concern of Aristotle because it is the basis for which all actions derive from in the individual. A person is not always responsible for the consequences of their actions, but is always responsible for the consequences that form his character, and in turn will make moral actions because he is concerned with his character. He is free to mold his own character because he is free to be virtuous or not. The universal principle of being virtuous is that which ought to guide a person. Aristotle provides more reasons why humans have free will to make ethical choices, which are grounded in his understanding of human nature. He postulates that all things have a telos or final purpose, and humans have a particular telos, which is to achieve eudaimonia (Bostock, 6). Eudaimonia is translated into happiness from Greek, but it considers more than just the English language rendering of feeling good (Bostock, 8). Eudaimonia is the highest good which entails being virtuous, reasoning well, and contemplation (Bostock, 9). Eudaimonia is a state of character rather than a good feeling. Virtue and good reasoning go hand in hand as the only way for a human fully complete it telos. Unlike other things and animals a human is not guaranteed to fulfill her telos by just being. Aristotle says, â€Å"Hence it is clear that none of the virtues of character arises in us naturally. For if something is by nature one condition, habituation cannot bring it into another condition. A stone, for instance, by nature moves downwards, and habituation could not make it move upwards, not even if you threw it up ten thousand times to habituate it; nor could habituation make fire move downwards, or bring anything that is one condition into another condition. And so the virtues arise in us neither by nature nor against nature. Rather, we are by nature able to acquire them, and we are completed through habit† (Irwin, 1103a). According to Aristotle, humans are not determined in our natural state to be virtuous or not. Virtue is something that we have to mold in ourselves by consistently considering it. The fact that people have the ability to choose their character state implies a significant amount of freedom in their decisions. This does not mean though that they are free of the consequence of the choices which lead to bad habits. If one acts in accordance with the highest good, then the consequence will be a character that is more in accord with virtue. However; if someone consistently acts against the highest good, then the consequence will be the formation of a bad character. A two sided objection to Aristotle’s conception of free will can be raised. One, where does Aristotle derive his universal from? Two, what if a person has been badly habituated by his parents or city to the point where he cannot have otherwise than a bad person? The answer to the first question is an inductive one. Aristotle uses a â€Å"role model† argument to describe how a person can know what being virtuous is. That is why he thinks proper habituation is important, because a young mind that is not yet adept to reason; one must first learn by imitation. He learns to imitate the virtuous man and is then able to reason it for himself when his faculties develop. Once the child becomes a man, reason for the highest good become deductive. Example; P1: To know virtue is to know the highest good. P2 Chris knows virtue. Therefore: Chris knows the highest good. Is there a universal virtue model of a person to provide the next person the model from which they can deduce the highest good from? The difficulty of justifying this proposition seems great. Says, Friedrich Nietzsche, â€Å"How naà ¯ve it is altogether to say: Man ought to be such-and-such! Reality shows us an enchanting wealth of types, the abundance of a lavish play and change of forms- and some wretched loafer of a moralist comments: No! Man ought to be different.† He even knows what man should be like, this wretched bigot and prig: he paints himself on the wall and exclaims, â€Å"Ecce homo!†(Rachels, 185) Perhaps there is not a universal type man for virtue, but from an anthropological perspective universal virtues can be posited for a functioning society. James Rachels in his Elements of Moral Philosophy provides a list of virtues that are common to any society. In this list, one is courage, because life is full of dangers and without courage we would be unable to cope with them. Two is honesty, because without it relations between people would go wrong in myriad ways (Rachels, 184). These two examples provide proof that most people in any society will be exposed at least to some types of virtue. Given that all societies follow a general similar pattern that enables them to exist on this planet, it is not ludicrous to think that once a society is formed the people will start developing more complex ideas of how to be virtuous. Aristotle’s conception of free will is not debunked just because there are different types of people who perform different functions. Another objection to Aristotle’s responsibility formation lies within his model of habituation. Can people be considered to be responsible for their characters if they have had a terrible upbringing? Aristotle says that people who are unfamiliar with the universal good are considered to be base people and thus unpardonable (1110a). Example, what if a person is locked in a room for the first ten years of their life and when they come out they have no capability of acquiring language? Can this person be held responsible for their character when they were never even given the chance to speak? Aristotle would probably offer up pity for such a person. It is important to bear in mind that Aristotle keeps consequence as an important idea in understanding his ethics. People make choices that bear consequences which affect other people to a large degree. Aristotle doesn’t mistaken voluntariness to be a type of causa sui. A man inherits what others have done before, so what he is working with is in large part a by-product of what others have given to him. That is why education is an important part to developing citizens, because he recognizes the large degree of inheritance that occurs between generations. The element of responsibility is not removed because one who has developed rationality in Aristotle’s case will realize what his limits and potentialities and develop them to the fullest extent. The brilliance of the Nicomachean Ethics lies within its flexibility to analyze the human condition without giving direct oughts for all particular cases. Says Aristotle, â€Å"We must also remember our previous remarks, so that we do not look for the same degree of exactness in all areas, but the degree that accords with the proper subject matter and is proper to a given line of inquiry. For the carpenter’s and the geometer’s inquiries about the right angle are different also; the carpenter restricts himself to what helps his work, but the geometer inquires into what, or what sort of thing, the right angle is, since he studies the truth. We must do the exact same, then, in other areas too, seeking the proper degree of exactness, so that disagreements should not overwhelm our main task† (Irwin, 1098b). Under today’s philosophical terminology Aristotle would be defined as a compatibilist, which is someone who acknowledges both the determinate conditions of man. Aristotle had a keen mind for understanding development of human nature. His awareness of the instinctual and learned elements of the human species almost causes me to believe that a lot of psychologists were just reinventing the wheel with his methods. In reference to human freedom Aristotle recognized very well what the human limitations in relation to inheritance and exterior influence from nature were. This did not cause him though to throw away important elements in striving for the good. He provides an adequate defense for the notions of human responsibility, even if all the gray areas of accountability and human development are not developed in the Nicomachean Ethics. 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The Charge Of The Light Brigade and Exposure Poem Essays

The Charge Of The Light Brigade and Exposure Poem Essays The Charge Of The Light Brigade and Exposure Poem Paper The Charge Of The Light Brigade and Exposure Poem Paper Essay Topic: Literature A more experienced poet known as Alfred Lord Tennyson wrote the Charge Of The Light Brigade. He was born in 1809 and died of old age in 1892. He wrote The Charge Of The Light Brigade in response to a Newspaper Report from the Times, which was written by W. H. Russel, so his understanding of the war was from second hand knowledge, he was removed from the action. Unlike Wilfred Owen, who wrote Exposure. Owen was born in 1893 and died at a very young age in 1918. The reason for his young death was, he was a participant in the war and died during battle, so his was writing from his own experiences. Although Owen was a less experienced writer, his poems only really became known after his death, as he had a less authorative voice. The main similarities between the two poems is that they are both writing about wars, however both wars are from a different time and so are fought in completely different ways. Tennyson wrote The Charge Of The Light Brigade about the Crimean war, which was originally between France and Russia but Britain joined because she worried about her security. The Crimean war was fought on horseback, which meant that it would be over fairly quickly. I think this because it would have been one charge, this battle would then have gone on until all the soldiers in one side were injured or dead. He was very far removed from the action, as he didnt even witness the war, so his poem written is third hand. Where as Owen wrote Exposure from first hand experience. For these reasons I may be able to place more value on Wilfred Owens poem. The First World War was fought over several years and the soldiers spent a lot of that time in trenches. The mood, tone and language in each poem are completely different from the other. In The Charge Of The Light Brigade the mood is very light and gives the feeling that all the soldiers, were excited about what they were doing. This is helped by the fact that Tennyson doesnt go into the atrocities of the war, instead writing of When horse and hero fell. Here he is basically saying that they have been shot down, but the way Tennyson puts it, its like its not that dramatic, when it is. In The Charge Of The Light Brigade it doesnt really distinguish those soldiers that died in battle and those that lived, Then they rode back, but not the six hundred. This is what I think plays a big part in making the mood of the poem so light, as it avoids death, which is upsetting. Where as in Exposure the mood is very depressing and dismal as Owen is constantly saying how the soldiers were being attacked in different ways. He mentions the weather attacking them, which can be seen from in the merciless iced winds that knive us. As well as things like the barbed wire in front of the enemies trenches, Like twitching agonies of men amongst its brambles. However the poem doesnt mention soldiers attacking them, which may indicate that the weather and other things were more threatening and chilling, then the enemy. In Exposure Owen speaks of the soldiers pain and this is what I think makes the poem so disheartening to read, because he is trying to show how war causes suffering and reduces the soldiers. Unlike Tennyson who is trying to honour and glorify the soldiers and so making the poem seem more pleasant. However in some ways the poems are similar as the language used indicates that poets generalise and universalise all the men in the war. The Charge Of The Light Brigade is a lot more structured then Exposure. This is because in Tennysons poem he talks about the different stages of the battle, where as Owen doesnt really mention battle, its more about the soldiers suffering. In The Charge Of The Light Brigade Tennyson goes through each stage of the battle, within each individual stanza. So in the first stanza the soldiers have been ordered to start their charge. The second stanza is quite an important part of the poem, as we discover that the soldiers had been given the wrong order. However because they are so disciplined and loyal to their country, no one questions it. Tennyson is trying to glorify and honour the soldiers so he simply says, Not though soldiers knew, someone had blundered. In the third stanza the soldiers are in range of the enemys guns and in stanza four, the soldiers are forced to turn back because so many men have been killed. Even though at this point the British soldiers are being defeated Tennyson emphasises their bravery. That takes the readers attention off the fact that they are losing so badly. An example of this is, Sabring the gunners there. The word sabring has been used very cleverly as it gives the reader the impression that the British soldiers were hacking away at the Russians, because Tennyson was writing the poem to honour The Light Brigade. In stanza five the British soldiers are still not out of danger despite turning back, as more Russians have come in behind them, so even more soldiers get killed. Stanza six is simply Tennyson reflecting on their bravery. In Exposure there isnt such an obvious structure. In stanza one Owen talks about the soldiers being attacked by the weather and in stanza two they are being attacked by the enemys barbed wire and it goes on like this. The weather is continually being described in different ways, one very effective way is when Owen uses alliteration, Dawn massing in the East her melancholy army. There is no real progression to the poem because it mirrors what is going on in the war, as they are stuck in trenches. The rhythm in each poem is completely different form the other. The Charge Of The Light Brigade has a very lively and energetic feel to it, this is due to its incredibly fast pace. In contrast Exposure has a very slow rhythm like the progress of the war. However in the third stanza there is a change in pace and it picks up just a little bit. This is due to the rhythm sounding like the bullets being described in the stanza, Sudden successive bullets streak the silence like the shells being shot in The Charge Of The Light Brigade. But the pace returns to its gloomy rhythm in the next stanza. In The charge Of The Light Brigade the rhythm of the poem sounds very much like the rhythm the galloping horses would make, this can be seen from Half a league, half a league onward, all in the valley of death rode the six hundred. I also think that the discipline of the British soldiers shows in the discipline of the rhythm. Each poem gives a completely different image of war, because they were written for different purposes and from different points of view. In The Charge Of The Light Brigade Tennyson uses a lot of similes and metaphors to create tension in the poem. He also uses similes to give the reader a better image of the battle and to show how heroic the soldiers were. Where as in Exposure Owen uses similes and metaphors to show how much the soldiers around him have been reduced, and the only thing they have to keep them going is happy memories. In The Charge Of The Light Brigade the first noticeable and most repeated image is All in the valley of death. I think that Tennyson choose to describe the charge like this because death is a very moving word. The word all unites the soldiers and due to the image of the extreme danger, given by the word death, shows the soldiers bravery, it also gives the idea of a big sacrifice. Not only do we get the feeling of danger, but Tennyson also discreetly describes sounds, through the use of onomatopoeia, Volleyed and thundered. I think that this is really clever, as it adds realism to the poem. When Tennyson uses alliteration, the words he uses sound like the hissing of the artillery on the battlefield. An example of this is Stormed at with shot and shell. Tennyson uses euphemism to describe the British soldiers killing the enemy; he uses words like flashed and sabring. The British soldiers are basically killing people, but the way Tennyson describes it, its as if they are doing it elegantly and almost gracefully. All of these images give the main picture that the war was glorious. The reason we get this image of the war is because Tennyson hides the realities behind euphemism, unlike Owen who shows the war for what it really is. Right from the first word our we immediately know that it has been written from the point of view of the narrator. Owen gives a very chilling image to the war because he has experienced it, he can say what he has seen and felt. The use of personification shows how the soldiers looked on the outside: Attacks once more in ranks, on ranks of shivering grey. Here Owen is talking about the weather attacking the soldiers, because the soldiers looked so grey and dull. Owen also adds shivering to the sentence, which could show that not only were they shivering because they were cold, but because they feel cold in their hearts like theyve been forgotten. Owen uses alliteration to emphasise that the men have no luxuries, unlike Tennyson who used alliteration to show the excitement of the war. In Exposure the uses of alliteration gives the reader the image that its as if the weather is trying to find them to put them through more distress, this can be seen from Pale flakes with fingering stealth come feeling for our faces. However I think Owen saves the most moving image for the end, unlike Tennyson who reflects on the heroism of the men during the battle, Owen shows just how terrible it is. In the final stanza Owen creates a very strong image, Pause over half-known faces. All their eyes are iced. To begin with it seems as though Owen is talking about the dead soldiers eyes being iced, because they are dead, but he is also talking about all the soldiers who are still alive and have to look at them. Owen is saying that in order to cope with what the soldiers have to face out in the trenches their eyes have also iced over, as they have no feeling any more. In Exposure we get the impression that it is probably easier to be dead, as you have gone to a better place and the pain and suffering stops, as soon as your spirit leaves your body. When I read Charge Of The Light Brigade I didnt feel very much inside, because the images that were given through the use of personification and other things were glorious. In Exposure the image seemed very real, because the poet was really writing from the heart and it made me feel quiet and lonely inside. Exposure and The Charge Of The Light Brigade both use repetition to show the reader that there have been casualties in the war. In The Charge Of The light Brigade different words are repeated to highlight different things. To emphasise the courage of the charge Tennyson repeats, Forward, the light brigade and The valley of death, which gives the idea that there is no turning back. In stanza two, three lines begin with their. This is used to show the discipline of the soldiers, that not one of them is questioning the wrong order. At the end of the first three stanzas Tennyson is still repeating, Rode the six hundred, this use of repetition gives the idea that the soldiers are still alive. However the final line of stanza four, Not the six hundred shows that not all the soldiers were going to come back from the valley of death. In stanza five some of the lines from stanza three are repeated, Cannon to the right of them, this gives the idea that even though they are on their way back the danger still surrounds them. At the end of stanza five Tennyson has said, Left of six hundred. He is still repeating six hundred, but has changed the words in front of it, to give the idea that the number of losses was more then the number of survivors. Exposure doesnt have has much repetition in as The Charge Of The Light Brigade, but it too has the majority of its repetition at the end of each stanza. The repetition of But nothing happens in three of the stanzas and the final stanza, give the image that the soldiers are almost waiting to die. The use of repetition in this ways indicates that they feel forgotten, because they have gone out to the trenches to do a job, and they are unable to do that job properly. In stanzas five, six and seven Owen repeats, dying at the end of each stanza. By doing this I get the impression that not only are the soldiers dieing because they are being attacked, but their spirits are dying as well as their love for things, its like they have lost themselves in the strong winds that surround them. So in both poems the use of repetition sums up the casualties of war, in Exposure they are shown in a more harsh way, then in The Charge Of The Light Brigade. Both poems are completely different in the way they portray the war, in that Exposure uses realism and The Charge Of The Light Brigade uses euphemism. The reason for there being such a lot of euphemism in The Charge Of The Light Brigade is because Tennyson wants to praise the soldiers. He also uses euphemism to hide behind the grim realities of life. A very good example of euphemism in the poem is, Sabring the gunners there. It is basically saying that the British soldiers were hacking away and killing the enemy, but it isnt described like that because the aim of Tennysons poem was to honour the soldiers. The word sabring makes the British soldiers sounds elegant and sophisticated, as if they arent doing anything wrong. So in order to honour the Light Brigade Tennyson hides behind euphemism. In contrast Owen uses realism in his poem because he wants to show war for what it really is. In everything he says he is very blunt and relates even the simplest things to every day horrors. By using realism Owen shows the reader that the only thing the soldiers have to keep them going are memories, an example of this is, Slowly our ghosts drag home: glimpsing the sunk fires glozed. This emphasises that the soldiers have no luxuries and how now they take nothing for granted, because they now realise it isnt always going to be there for them. The reason for The Charge Of The light Brigade using euphemism and Exposure using realism, is because each writer is trying to give a different image of the war, for different reasons using these methods. In conclusion both poems appear to be very similar when I first looked at them, however the only thing they have in common is that they are both about wars. The reason they only have this in common is for two reasons. The first reason is that both wars were completely different types of wars. The second reason and the most important, is that the writers show different attitudes towards war. In Charge Of The Light Brigade Tennyson wrote the poem to honour and glorify the soldiers that fought in the war. So the way he presents the poem, its as if Tennyson is saying that war is good thing to part of. I think the other reason for him putting such a positive image on the war was because he didnt fight in it, therefore there are no feelings included in his poem. So because Tennyson approves of the soldiers loyalty there are no signs of irony. Where as in Exposure Owen, who fought in the war, is able to include feelings. Due to having such a horrible time in the trenches, these feelings are sad and seem painful, putting war in a completely different light. Unlike Owen, Tennyson believed that no good could come from war, and although Owen is against war Exposure isnt an anti-war poem. However the one attitude that both writers show in their poems, is that you have to fight sometimes to preserve what is good.